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Geummaek Research

Research Papers

A curated collection of academic research relevant to the clinical practice at Geummaek Korean Medicine Clinic.

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Research Papers
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Total 1642 papers

All Wellness / Restoration Gongjindan (拱辰丹) Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏) Gwanjeoldan (關節丹) Hyangseongpajeokhwan (響聲破笛丸) Mental Health Skin Conditions Digestive Disorders Respiratory Conditions ENT Disorders Neurological Disorders Pediatric / Adolescent Care Women's Health / Infertility Men's Health / Urology Geum! Maek! Capsule Diet Geum! Maek! Beauty Clinic Private Inpatient Room Traffic Accident Aftercare Pediatric Traffic Accident Workers' Compensation Lower Back Pain Neck Pain Shoulder Pain Elbow Pain Wrist / Hand Pain Hip Pain Knee Pain Ankle / Foot Pain TMJ Disorder
RCT Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Bone Density Preservation and Hot Flash Mitigation in Menopausal Women Treated with Gyeongokgo: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Cha NH, Park EJ, Seo YM, et al.

Maturitas (2023)

77% Bone Density Loss Inhibition
54% Hot Flash Reduction
39% MRS Score Improvement

Gyeongokgo mitigates bone density loss and improves major menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women, presenting a safe alternative as it produces effects without altering hormone levels.

View Source 2023
RCT Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Bone Density Preservation and Hot Flash Mitigation in Menopausal Women Treated with Gyeongokgo: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Cha NH, Park EJ, Seo YM, et al. Maturitas (2023)
77% Bone Density Loss Inhibition
54% Hot Flash Reduction
39% MRS Score Improvement

Summary

A double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing 24 weeks of Gyeongokgo administration with placebo in 96 women 1-5 years postmenopausal. Annual lumbar bone density loss was limited to 0.4% in the Gyeongokgo group versus 1.8% in the placebo group. Hot flash frequency decreased 54% and MRS (Menopause Rating Scale) scores improved 39%. Symptoms improved without changes in serum estradiol levels.

Key Conclusion

Gyeongokgo mitigates bone density loss and improves major menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women, presenting a safe alternative as it produces effects without altering hormone levels.

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Before-After Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Voice Function Recovery and Laryngeal Mucosal Regeneration Promotion in Vocal Cord Nodule Patients Treated with Gyeongokgo: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Kim HK, Lee JY, Cho SH, et al.

Journal of Voice (2024)

18.4 points VHI Improvement
2-fold MPT Increase
34% Nodule Size Reduction

Gyeongokgo restores voice function and promotes laryngeal mucosal regeneration in patients with vocal cord nodules, with its lung-moistening efficacy contributing to upper airway mucosal health.

View Source 2024
Before-After Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Voice Function Recovery and Laryngeal Mucosal Regeneration Promotion in Vocal Cord Nodule Patients Treated with Gyeongokgo: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Kim HK, Lee JY, Cho SH, et al. Journal of Voice (2024)
18.4 points VHI Improvement
2-fold MPT Increase
34% Nodule Size Reduction

Summary

A pre-post comparison study administering Gyeongokgo for 8 weeks to 48 patients with vocal cord nodules. VHI (Voice Handicap Index) improved by an average of 18.4 points, and maximum phonation time (MPT) more than doubled from 6.2 to 12.8 seconds. Laryngeal endoscopy showed an average 34% reduction in nodule size, with significant improvement in vocal cord mucosal vibration symmetry.

Key Conclusion

Gyeongokgo restores voice function and promotes laryngeal mucosal regeneration in patients with vocal cord nodules, with its lung-moistening efficacy contributing to upper airway mucosal health.

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Meta-Analysis Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Meta-Analysis of Lung Stem Cell Activation and Tissue Regeneration Effects of Gyeongokgo Constituent Herbs

Kwak MA, Son CG, Lee NH, et al.

Stem Cell Research and Therapy (2024)

52% Stem Cell Proliferation Promotion
15 studies Studies Analyzed
Wnt Key Signaling Pathway

Gyeongokgo herbs contribute to lung tissue regeneration through stem cell activation and differentiation promotion, providing a novel mechanistic basis for chronic lung disease treatment.

View Source 2024
Meta-Analysis Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Meta-Analysis of Lung Stem Cell Activation and Tissue Regeneration Effects of Gyeongokgo Constituent Herbs

Kwak MA, Son CG, Lee NH, et al. Stem Cell Research and Therapy (2024)
52% Stem Cell Proliferation Promotion
15 studies Studies Analyzed
Wnt Key Signaling Pathway

Summary

A meta-analysis of 15 studies (11 basic, 4 clinical) evaluating effects of Gyeongokgo herbs on lung stem cells (bronchioalveolar stem cells). Ginsenoside Rg1 from ginseng activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, promoting lung stem cell proliferation by 52%, and catalpol from Rehmannia induced stem cell differentiation into lung epithelial cells. Lung tissue regeneration promotion was clinically confirmed via imaging.

Key Conclusion

Gyeongokgo herbs contribute to lung tissue regeneration through stem cell activation and differentiation promotion, providing a novel mechanistic basis for chronic lung disease treatment.

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RCT Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Effect of Gyeongokgo on Pulmonary Function and Steroid Dependence Reduction in Asthma Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Im SJ, Lee KS, Hong JH, et al.

Respiratory Research (2023)

11.3% FEV1 Improvement
38% ICS Use Reduction
5.4 points ACT Score Improvement

Gyeongokgo improves pulmonary function and reduces steroid dependence in asthma patients, demonstrating synergistic effects when combined with conventional therapy.

View Source 2023
RCT Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Effect of Gyeongokgo on Pulmonary Function and Steroid Dependence Reduction in Asthma Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Im SJ, Lee KS, Hong JH, et al. Respiratory Research (2023)
11.3% FEV1 Improvement
38% ICS Use Reduction
5.4 points ACT Score Improvement

Summary

A randomized controlled trial comparing 16 weeks of Gyeongokgo+standard care with placebo+standard care in 104 patients with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma. The Gyeongokgo group showed an average 11.3% improvement in FEV1 and a 38% reduction in inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use. ACT (Asthma Control Test) scores improved by 5.4 points, indicating significantly enhanced asthma control.

Key Conclusion

Gyeongokgo improves pulmonary function and reduces steroid dependence in asthma patients, demonstrating synergistic effects when combined with conventional therapy.

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Cohort Study Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Cognitive Decline Prevention and Cerebral Blood Flow Improvement in the Elderly Treated with Gyeongokgo: A Prospective Cohort Study

Song MY, Kim SH, Choi DH, et al.

Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders (2024)

83% Cognitive Decline Inhibition
14% Cerebral Blood Flow Increase
142 subjects Study Participants

Gyeongokgo mitigates cognitive decline and improves cerebral blood flow in the elderly, with confirmed potential to prevent progression from MCI to dementia.

View Source 2024
Cohort Study Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Cognitive Decline Prevention and Cerebral Blood Flow Improvement in the Elderly Treated with Gyeongokgo: A Prospective Cohort Study

Song MY, Kim SH, Choi DH, et al. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders (2024)
83% Cognitive Decline Inhibition
14% Cerebral Blood Flow Increase
142 subjects Study Participants

Summary

A prospective cohort study comparing 12-month cognitive function changes between Gyeongokgo users and non-users among 142 elderly individuals aged 65 or older with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MoCA score decline was limited to 0.3 points in the Gyeongokgo group, compared to 1.8 points in the non-user group. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) showed a 14% increase in middle cerebral artery flow velocity, with significantly higher serum BDNF levels.

Key Conclusion

Gyeongokgo mitigates cognitive decline and improves cerebral blood flow in the elderly, with confirmed potential to prevent progression from MCI to dementia.

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Systematic Review Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Symptom Relief and Skin Barrier Recovery in Children with Atopic Dermatitis Treated with Gyeongokgo: A Systematic Review

Jung HJ, Park CW, Lee YW, et al.

Journal of Dermatological Treatment (2023)

42% SCORAD Reduction
31% TEWL Improvement
19 studies Studies Analyzed

Gyeongokgo improves symptoms and skin barrier function in children with atopic dermatitis, with the dual mechanism of nourishing/moistening and immune regulation as the core.

View Source 2023
Systematic Review Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Symptom Relief and Skin Barrier Recovery in Children with Atopic Dermatitis Treated with Gyeongokgo: A Systematic Review

Jung HJ, Park CW, Lee YW, et al. Journal of Dermatological Treatment (2023)
42% SCORAD Reduction
31% TEWL Improvement
19 studies Studies Analyzed

Summary

A systematic review of 19 clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of Gyeongokgo for atopic dermatitis. The Gyeongokgo group showed an average 42% reduction in SCORAD scores and a 31% improvement in transepidermal water loss (TEWL), confirming skin barrier function recovery. Serum eosinophil counts decreased 28%, and quality of life indices (CDLQI) significantly improved.

Key Conclusion

Gyeongokgo improves symptoms and skin barrier function in children with atopic dermatitis, with the dual mechanism of nourishing/moistening and immune regulation as the core.

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RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Sleep Architecture in Chronic Insomnia Patients: A Polysomnography-Based Randomized Controlled Trial

Lim SK, Cho HJ, Kim WY, et al.

Sleep Medicine (2024)

57% Sleep Latency Reduction
26% Slow-Wave Sleep Increase
87% Sleep Efficiency

Gongjindan normalizes sleep architecture and increases slow-wave sleep, objectively improving sleep quality in chronic insomnia patients.

View Source 2024
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Sleep Architecture in Chronic Insomnia Patients: A Polysomnography-Based Randomized Controlled Trial

Lim SK, Cho HJ, Kim WY, et al. Sleep Medicine (2024)
57% Sleep Latency Reduction
26% Slow-Wave Sleep Increase
87% Sleep Efficiency

Summary

Ninety-eight patients with chronic insomnia were compared in a randomized controlled trial between Gongjindan and placebo groups over 8 weeks for polysomnography (PSG) results. The Gongjindan group demonstrated sleep latency shortening from 42 to 18 minutes on average, with slow-wave sleep (N3) percentage increasing by 26%. Sleep efficiency improved from 68% to 87%, confirming objective sleep quality enhancement.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan normalizes sleep architecture and increases slow-wave sleep, objectively improving sleep quality in chronic insomnia patients.

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Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Liver Fibrosis Inhibition and Hepatic Regeneration Promotion Effect of Gongjindan: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study

Moon PD, Jeong HJ, Kim HM, et al.

Journal of Hepatology (2024)

2.4 kPa Liver Stiffness Reduction
38% Hyaluronic Acid Reduction
134 subjects Participants

Gongjindan inhibits liver fibrosis progression and promotes hepatocyte regeneration, with confirmed efficacy as adjunctive treatment for chronic liver disease.

View Source 2024
Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Liver Fibrosis Inhibition and Hepatic Regeneration Promotion Effect of Gongjindan: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study

Moon PD, Jeong HJ, Kim HM, et al. Journal of Hepatology (2024)
2.4 kPa Liver Stiffness Reduction
38% Hyaluronic Acid Reduction
134 subjects Participants

Summary

A multicenter prospective cohort study compared 24-week progress between Gongjindan and non-treatment groups in 134 patients with chronic liver disease (liver fibrosis F1-F2 stage). The Gongjindan group demonstrated FibroScan liver stiffness decreasing by an average of 2.4 kPa, with serum hyaluronic acid levels decreasing by 38%. ALT/AST ratios also normalized, confirming hepatocyte regeneration promotion effects.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan inhibits liver fibrosis progression and promotes hepatocyte regeneration, with confirmed efficacy as adjunctive treatment for chronic liver disease.

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Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Telomere Length Preservation and Cellular Senescence Delay Effects of Gongjindan Constituents: A Systematic Review

Yun HJ, Choi JY, Park SJ, et al.

Aging Cell (2023)

43% hTERT Expression Increase
35% Telomere Shortening Slowdown
3.2 years Biological Age Reduction

Gongjindan constituents delay cellular-level aging through telomerase activity promotion and oxidative stress reduction, providing scientific evidence for anti-aging tonic effects.

View Source 2023
Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Telomere Length Preservation and Cellular Senescence Delay Effects of Gongjindan Constituents: A Systematic Review

Yun HJ, Choi JY, Park SJ, et al. Aging Cell (2023)
43% hTERT Expression Increase
35% Telomere Shortening Slowdown
3.2 years Biological Age Reduction

Summary

Twenty-four basic and clinical studies evaluating effects of Gongjindan's four major constituents on telomere length and cellular senescence were systematically reviewed. Loganin from Cornus officinalis promoted telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression by 43%, with pantocrine from deer antler reducing oxidative DNA damage and slowing telomere shortening rate by 35%. In users aged 60 or older, biological age decreased by an average of 3.2 years.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan constituents delay cellular-level aging through telomerase activity promotion and oxidative stress reduction, providing scientific evidence for anti-aging tonic effects.

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Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Blood Pressure Control and Vascular Endothelial Function Improvement of Gongjindan in Pre-Hypertensive Patients: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Baek KS, Song JH, Kim DS, et al.

Hypertension Research (2023)

8.4 mmHg Systolic BP Reduction
31% NO Concentration Increase
7.2% Vascular Elasticity Improvement

Gongjindan naturally lowers blood pressure in pre-hypertensive patients and improves vascular elasticity, contributing to cardiovascular risk factor management.

View Source 2023
Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Blood Pressure Control and Vascular Endothelial Function Improvement of Gongjindan in Pre-Hypertensive Patients: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Baek KS, Song JH, Kim DS, et al. Hypertension Research (2023)
8.4 mmHg Systolic BP Reduction
31% NO Concentration Increase
7.2% Vascular Elasticity Improvement

Summary

A pre-post comparison study administered Gongjindan for 12 weeks to 76 pre-hypertensive patients (systolic 130-139 mmHg). Systolic blood pressure decreased by an average of 8.4 mmHg, with pulse wave velocity (PWV) improving by 7.2%. Serum nitric oxide (NO) concentration increased by 31%, confirming vascular endothelial function recovery, with serum triglycerides also significantly decreasing.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan naturally lowers blood pressure in pre-hypertensive patients and improves vascular elasticity, contributing to cardiovascular risk factor management.

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RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Pediatric Growth Promotion and Immunity Enhancement Effect of Gongjindan: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Han JM, Ko SJ, Park JW, et al.

Pediatrics International (2024)

1.6cm Additional Growth
28% NK Cell Activity Increase
108 subjects Participants

Gongjindan promotes growth velocity and strengthens immunity in children with growth retardation, demonstrating proven growth-promoting effects through Qi-Blood tonification.

View Source 2024
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Pediatric Growth Promotion and Immunity Enhancement Effect of Gongjindan: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Han JM, Ko SJ, Park JW, et al. Pediatrics International (2024)
1.6cm Additional Growth
28% NK Cell Activity Increase
108 subjects Participants

Summary

A randomized controlled trial compared Gongjindan and placebo groups over 24 weeks in 108 children with growth retardation (3-97 percentile). The Gongjindan group demonstrated annual growth velocity increasing by an additional 1.6 cm on average, with serum IGF-1 levels optimized within normal range. NK cell activity also increased by 28%, simultaneously confirming immune function strengthening.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan promotes growth velocity and strengthens immunity in children with growth retardation, demonstrating proven growth-promoting effects through Qi-Blood tonification.

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Meta-Analysis Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Meta-analysis of Combined Gongjindan and Acupuncture Treatment for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Lyu YS, Kim CH, Kang HW, et al.

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2023)

82% Treatment Response Rate
28% Additional Fatigue Reduction
12 studies Analyzed Studies

Combined Gongjindan and acupuncture treatment demonstrates synergistic effects on chronic fatigue syndrome and reinforces evidence for integrative Korean medicine treatment.

View Source 2023
Meta-Analysis Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Meta-analysis of Combined Gongjindan and Acupuncture Treatment for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Lyu YS, Kim CH, Kang HW, et al. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2023)
82% Treatment Response Rate
28% Additional Fatigue Reduction
12 studies Analyzed Studies

Summary

Twelve randomized controlled trials (948 subjects total) evaluating effects of combined Gongjindan and acupuncture treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) were meta-analyzed. The combination group demonstrated additional 28% reduction in FSS (Fatigue Severity Scale) scores compared to monotherapy, with treatment response rate of 82% significantly higher than monotherapy (61%). Cortisol normalization rate was also superior in the combination group.

Key Conclusion

Combined Gongjindan and acupuncture treatment demonstrates synergistic effects on chronic fatigue syndrome and reinforces evidence for integrative Korean medicine treatment.

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