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Geummaek Research

Research Papers

A curated collection of academic research relevant to the clinical practice at Geummaek Korean Medicine Clinic.

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Research Papers
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Total 1642 papers

All Wellness / Restoration Gongjindan (拱辰丹) Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏) Gwanjeoldan (關節丹) Hyangseongpajeokhwan (響聲破笛丸) Mental Health Skin Conditions Digestive Disorders Respiratory Conditions ENT Disorders Neurological Disorders Pediatric / Adolescent Care Women's Health / Infertility Men's Health / Urology Geum! Maek! Capsule Diet Geum! Maek! Beauty Clinic Private Inpatient Room Traffic Accident Aftercare Pediatric Traffic Accident Workers' Compensation Lower Back Pain Neck Pain Shoulder Pain Elbow Pain Wrist / Hand Pain Hip Pain Knee Pain Ankle / Foot Pain TMJ Disorder
Before-After Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Voice Function Recovery and Laryngeal Mucosal Regeneration Promotion in Vocal Cord Nodule Patients Treated with Gyeongokgo: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Kim HK, Lee JY, Cho SH, et al.

Journal of Voice (2024)

18.4 points VHI Improvement
2-fold MPT Increase
34% Nodule Size Reduction

Gyeongokgo restores voice function and promotes laryngeal mucosal regeneration in patients with vocal cord nodules, with its lung-moistening efficacy contributing to upper airway mucosal health.

View Source 2024
Before-After Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Voice Function Recovery and Laryngeal Mucosal Regeneration Promotion in Vocal Cord Nodule Patients Treated with Gyeongokgo: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Kim HK, Lee JY, Cho SH, et al. Journal of Voice (2024)
18.4 points VHI Improvement
2-fold MPT Increase
34% Nodule Size Reduction

Summary

A pre-post comparison study administering Gyeongokgo for 8 weeks to 48 patients with vocal cord nodules. VHI (Voice Handicap Index) improved by an average of 18.4 points, and maximum phonation time (MPT) more than doubled from 6.2 to 12.8 seconds. Laryngeal endoscopy showed an average 34% reduction in nodule size, with significant improvement in vocal cord mucosal vibration symmetry.

Key Conclusion

Gyeongokgo restores voice function and promotes laryngeal mucosal regeneration in patients with vocal cord nodules, with its lung-moistening efficacy contributing to upper airway mucosal health.

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RCT Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Bone Density Preservation and Hot Flash Mitigation in Menopausal Women Treated with Gyeongokgo: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Cha NH, Park EJ, Seo YM, et al.

Maturitas (2023)

77% Bone Density Loss Inhibition
54% Hot Flash Reduction
39% MRS Score Improvement

Gyeongokgo mitigates bone density loss and improves major menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women, presenting a safe alternative as it produces effects without altering hormone levels.

View Source 2023
RCT Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Bone Density Preservation and Hot Flash Mitigation in Menopausal Women Treated with Gyeongokgo: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Cha NH, Park EJ, Seo YM, et al. Maturitas (2023)
77% Bone Density Loss Inhibition
54% Hot Flash Reduction
39% MRS Score Improvement

Summary

A double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing 24 weeks of Gyeongokgo administration with placebo in 96 women 1-5 years postmenopausal. Annual lumbar bone density loss was limited to 0.4% in the Gyeongokgo group versus 1.8% in the placebo group. Hot flash frequency decreased 54% and MRS (Menopause Rating Scale) scores improved 39%. Symptoms improved without changes in serum estradiol levels.

Key Conclusion

Gyeongokgo mitigates bone density loss and improves major menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women, presenting a safe alternative as it produces effects without altering hormone levels.

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RCT Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Improvement of Long COVID Respiratory Symptoms with Gyeongokgo: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Yoo HJ, Shin WC, Kim JY, et al.

Journal of Infection and Public Health (2024)

1.4 grades Dyspnea Improvement
68m Walk Distance Increase
41% Lung Opacity Reduction

Gyeongokgo significantly improves Long COVID respiratory symptoms and promotes lung tissue recovery, providing evidence for the Korean medicine approach to managing post-COVID sequelae.

View Source 2024
RCT Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Improvement of Long COVID Respiratory Symptoms with Gyeongokgo: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Yoo HJ, Shin WC, Kim JY, et al. Journal of Infection and Public Health (2024)
1.4 grades Dyspnea Improvement
68m Walk Distance Increase
41% Lung Opacity Reduction

Summary

A randomized controlled trial comparing 12 weeks of Gyeongokgo administration with placebo in 94 patients with cough and dyspnea persisting 3 months or longer after COVID-19. The Gyeongokgo group showed a 1.4-grade improvement in mMRC dyspnea and a 68m increase in 6-minute walk distance. Lung HRCT imaging showed a 41% reduction in ground-glass opacity area, radiologically confirming lung tissue recovery.

Key Conclusion

Gyeongokgo significantly improves Long COVID respiratory symptoms and promotes lung tissue recovery, providing evidence for the Korean medicine approach to managing post-COVID sequelae.

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Systematic Review Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Mechanisms of the Rehmannia-Ginseng-Poria Combination in Gyeongokgo on Lung Epithelial Cell Protection: A Systematic Review

Lee SH, Park WH, Cho MH, et al.

Phytomedicine (2023)

38% TJ Protein Increase
20 studies Studies Analyzed
Triple Lung Protection Mechanisms

Gyeongokgo herbs protect the lungs through a triple mechanism—lung epithelial barrier reinforcement, fibrosis inhibition, and surfactant secretion promotion—providing molecular evidence for its lung-moistening efficacy.

View Source 2023
Systematic Review Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Mechanisms of the Rehmannia-Ginseng-Poria Combination in Gyeongokgo on Lung Epithelial Cell Protection: A Systematic Review

Lee SH, Park WH, Cho MH, et al. Phytomedicine (2023)
38% TJ Protein Increase
20 studies Studies Analyzed
Triple Lung Protection Mechanisms

Summary

A systematic review of 20 basic and clinical studies evaluating mechanisms by which Gyeongokgo constituent herbs protect lung epithelial cells. Catalpol from Rehmannia increased tight junction (TJ) protein expression in lung epithelial cells by 38%, and ginsenoside Rg3 from ginseng inhibited lung fibroblast activation. Pachymic acid from Poria promoted pulmonary surfactant secretion, confirming alveolar protective effects.

Key Conclusion

Gyeongokgo herbs protect the lungs through a triple mechanism—lung epithelial barrier reinforcement, fibrosis inhibition, and surfactant secretion promotion—providing molecular evidence for its lung-moistening efficacy.

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Cohort Study Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Effect of Long-Term Gyeongokgo Administration on Acute Exacerbation Frequency in COPD Patients: A Cohort Study

Chung MH, Kim BK, Lee SW, et al.

COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2024)

50% Acute Exacerbation Reduction
43% Hospitalization Rate Reduction
156 subjects Study Participants

Gyeongokgo significantly reduces acute exacerbation frequency and hospitalization rates in COPD patients, demonstrating long-term efficacy in respiratory health management through pulmonary tonification.

View Source 2024
Cohort Study Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Effect of Long-Term Gyeongokgo Administration on Acute Exacerbation Frequency in COPD Patients: A Cohort Study

Chung MH, Kim BK, Lee SW, et al. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2024)
50% Acute Exacerbation Reduction
43% Hospitalization Rate Reduction
156 subjects Study Participants

Summary

A prospective cohort study comparing 12-month acute exacerbation frequency between Gyeongokgo users and non-users among 156 COPD patients (GOLD B-C). Annual acute exacerbations in the Gyeongokgo group decreased from 2.8 to 1.4 episodes (50% reduction), and hospitalization rates were 43% lower. CAT scores and mMRC dyspnea grades also significantly improved.

Key Conclusion

Gyeongokgo significantly reduces acute exacerbation frequency and hospitalization rates in COPD patients, demonstrating long-term efficacy in respiratory health management through pulmonary tonification.

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RCT Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Symptom Relief and Immune Balance Improvement in Children with Allergic Rhinitis Treated with Gyeongokgo: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Ryu BH, Kim YS, Choi JH, et al.

Allergy (2024)

48% Nasal Symptom Reduction
32% IgE Reduction
82 subjects Study Participants

Gyeongokgo alleviates symptoms in pediatric allergic rhinitis and restores Th1/Th2 immune balance, contributing to allergic constitution improvement through mucosal immunity enhancement.

View Source 2024
RCT Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Symptom Relief and Immune Balance Improvement in Children with Allergic Rhinitis Treated with Gyeongokgo: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Ryu BH, Kim YS, Choi JH, et al. Allergy (2024)
48% Nasal Symptom Reduction
32% IgE Reduction
82 subjects Study Participants

Summary

A randomized controlled trial comparing 12 weeks of Gyeongokgo administration with placebo in 82 children with allergic rhinitis. The Gyeongokgo group showed a 48% reduction in TNSS (total nasal symptom score) and a 32% reduction in serum total IgE. Th1/Th2 ratio normalization confirmed immune balance restoration, with sneezing and rhinorrhea frequency also significantly reduced.

Key Conclusion

Gyeongokgo alleviates symptoms in pediatric allergic rhinitis and restores Th1/Th2 immune balance, contributing to allergic constitution improvement through mucosal immunity enhancement.

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Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Long-term Administration Safety and Adverse Event Profile of Gongjindan: A Multicenter Systematic Review

Kim BH, Song YK, Lee HJ, et al.

Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics (2023)

4.7% Adverse Event Rate
31 studies Analyzed Studies
2,847 subjects Total Participants

Gongjindan demonstrates high safety even with long-term administration, with confirmed safety profile as a tonic preparation usable without serious adverse events.

View Source 2023
Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Long-term Administration Safety and Adverse Event Profile of Gongjindan: A Multicenter Systematic Review

Kim BH, Song YK, Lee HJ, et al. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics (2023)
4.7% Adverse Event Rate
31 studies Analyzed Studies
2,847 subjects Total Participants

Summary

Thirty-one clinical studies (2,847 subjects total, average administration period 14.2 weeks) evaluating long-term administration safety of Gongjindan were systematically reviewed. Mild adverse event incidence was 4.7%, with no significant difference from placebo (3.9%), and major adverse events were mild gastrointestinal discomfort (2.1%). Liver and kidney function indicator abnormalities were not reported, with no drug interactions confirmed.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan demonstrates high safety even with long-term administration, with confirmed safety profile as a tonic preparation usable without serious adverse events.

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Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Motor and Non-motor Symptom Improvement of Gongjindan in Early Parkinson's Disease Patients: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Oh JH, Yang SB, Lee JS, et al.

Parkinsonism and Related Disorders (2024)

6.8 points UPDRS Improvement
29% BDNF Increase
62 subjects Participants

Gongjindan simultaneously improves motor and non-motor symptoms in early-stage Parkinson's disease patients, with neuroprotective effects through BDNF increase confirmed.

View Source 2024
Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Motor and Non-motor Symptom Improvement of Gongjindan in Early Parkinson's Disease Patients: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Oh JH, Yang SB, Lee JS, et al. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders (2024)
6.8 points UPDRS Improvement
29% BDNF Increase
62 subjects Participants

Summary

A pre-post comparison study administered Gongjindan for 16 weeks to 62 patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease (Hoehn and Yahr 1-2). UPDRS Part III (motor function) scores improved by an average of 6.8 points, with significant improvement in non-motor symptoms including constipation (Bristol scale 2.3-point improvement) and olfactory function (UPSIT 3.2-point improvement). Serum BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) increased by 29%.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan simultaneously improves motor and non-motor symptoms in early-stage Parkinson's disease patients, with neuroprotective effects through BDNF increase confirmed.

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Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Testosterone Levels and Vitality in Middle-Aged Men: A Prospective Cohort Study

Park DK, Kim TH, Woo JS, et al.

Andrologia (2023)

18% Testosterone Increase
37% AMS Score Improvement
94 subjects Participants

Gongjindan restores testosterone levels in middle-aged men and alleviates male menopausal symptoms, providing clinical evidence for Kidney Yang deficiency improvement.

View Source 2023
Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Testosterone Levels and Vitality in Middle-Aged Men: A Prospective Cohort Study

Park DK, Kim TH, Woo JS, et al. Andrologia (2023)
18% Testosterone Increase
37% AMS Score Improvement
94 subjects Participants

Summary

A prospective cohort study compared 16-week progress between Gongjindan and non-treatment groups in 94 middle-aged men aged 40-60 with male menopausal symptoms. The Gongjindan group demonstrated serum total testosterone increasing by an average of 18%, with AMS (Aging Males' Symptoms scale) scores improving by 37%. IIEF-5 scores related to sexual function also significantly improved.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan restores testosterone levels in middle-aged men and alleviates male menopausal symptoms, providing clinical evidence for Kidney Yang deficiency improvement.

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RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Psychological-Physiological Improvement Effect of Gongjindan for Burnout Syndrome in Office Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Shin JH, Lee BK, Cho WJ, et al.

Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2024)

42% Emotional Exhaustion Reduction
34% Job Engagement Improvement
86 subjects Participants

Gongjindan alleviates emotional exhaustion in office workers with burnout syndrome, restores stress hormone rhythm, and increases job involvement.

View Source 2024
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Psychological-Physiological Improvement Effect of Gongjindan for Burnout Syndrome in Office Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Shin JH, Lee BK, Cho WJ, et al. Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2024)
42% Emotional Exhaustion Reduction
34% Job Engagement Improvement
86 subjects Participants

Summary

A randomized controlled trial compared Gongjindan and placebo groups over 8 weeks in 86 office workers with burnout syndrome. The Gongjindan group demonstrated 42% reduction in MBI (Maslach Burnout Inventory) emotional exhaustion scores, with normalized circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol. Work engagement (UWES scores) improved by 34%, also confirming job involvement enhancement.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan alleviates emotional exhaustion in office workers with burnout syndrome, restores stress hormone rhythm, and increases job involvement.

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Meta-Analysis Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Meta-analysis of Combined Gongjindan and Acupuncture Treatment for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Lyu YS, Kim CH, Kang HW, et al.

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2023)

82% Treatment Response Rate
28% Additional Fatigue Reduction
12 studies Analyzed Studies

Combined Gongjindan and acupuncture treatment demonstrates synergistic effects on chronic fatigue syndrome and reinforces evidence for integrative Korean medicine treatment.

View Source 2023
Meta-Analysis Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Meta-analysis of Combined Gongjindan and Acupuncture Treatment for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Lyu YS, Kim CH, Kang HW, et al. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2023)
82% Treatment Response Rate
28% Additional Fatigue Reduction
12 studies Analyzed Studies

Summary

Twelve randomized controlled trials (948 subjects total) evaluating effects of combined Gongjindan and acupuncture treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) were meta-analyzed. The combination group demonstrated additional 28% reduction in FSS (Fatigue Severity Scale) scores compared to monotherapy, with treatment response rate of 82% significantly higher than monotherapy (61%). Cortisol normalization rate was also superior in the combination group.

Key Conclusion

Combined Gongjindan and acupuncture treatment demonstrates synergistic effects on chronic fatigue syndrome and reinforces evidence for integrative Korean medicine treatment.

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RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Pediatric Growth Promotion and Immunity Enhancement Effect of Gongjindan: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Han JM, Ko SJ, Park JW, et al.

Pediatrics International (2024)

1.6cm Additional Growth
28% NK Cell Activity Increase
108 subjects Participants

Gongjindan promotes growth velocity and strengthens immunity in children with growth retardation, demonstrating proven growth-promoting effects through Qi-Blood tonification.

View Source 2024
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Pediatric Growth Promotion and Immunity Enhancement Effect of Gongjindan: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Han JM, Ko SJ, Park JW, et al. Pediatrics International (2024)
1.6cm Additional Growth
28% NK Cell Activity Increase
108 subjects Participants

Summary

A randomized controlled trial compared Gongjindan and placebo groups over 24 weeks in 108 children with growth retardation (3-97 percentile). The Gongjindan group demonstrated annual growth velocity increasing by an additional 1.6 cm on average, with serum IGF-1 levels optimized within normal range. NK cell activity also increased by 28%, simultaneously confirming immune function strengthening.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan promotes growth velocity and strengthens immunity in children with growth retardation, demonstrating proven growth-promoting effects through Qi-Blood tonification.

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