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Geummaek Research

Research Papers

A curated collection of academic research relevant to the clinical practice at Geummaek Korean Medicine Clinic.

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Research Papers
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Total 45 papers

All Wellness / Restoration Gongjindan (拱辰丹) Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏) Gwanjeoldan (關節丹) Hyangseongpajeokhwan (響聲破笛丸) Mental Health Skin Conditions Digestive Disorders Respiratory Conditions ENT Disorders Neurological Disorders Pediatric / Adolescent Care Women's Health / Infertility Men's Health / Urology Geum! Maek! Capsule Diet Geum! Maek! Beauty Clinic Private Inpatient Room Traffic Accident Aftercare Pediatric Traffic Accident Workers' Compensation Lower Back Pain Neck Pain Shoulder Pain Elbow Pain Wrist / Hand Pain Hip Pain Knee Pain Ankle / Foot Pain TMJ Disorder
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Sleep Architecture in Chronic Insomnia Patients: A Polysomnography-Based Randomized Controlled Trial

Lim SK, Cho HJ, Kim WY, et al.

Sleep Medicine (2024)

57% Sleep Latency Reduction
26% Slow-Wave Sleep Increase
87% Sleep Efficiency

Gongjindan normalizes sleep architecture and increases slow-wave sleep, objectively improving sleep quality in chronic insomnia patients.

View Source 2024
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Sleep Architecture in Chronic Insomnia Patients: A Polysomnography-Based Randomized Controlled Trial

Lim SK, Cho HJ, Kim WY, et al. Sleep Medicine (2024)
57% Sleep Latency Reduction
26% Slow-Wave Sleep Increase
87% Sleep Efficiency

Summary

Ninety-eight patients with chronic insomnia were compared in a randomized controlled trial between Gongjindan and placebo groups over 8 weeks for polysomnography (PSG) results. The Gongjindan group demonstrated sleep latency shortening from 42 to 18 minutes on average, with slow-wave sleep (N3) percentage increasing by 26%. Sleep efficiency improved from 68% to 87%, confirming objective sleep quality enhancement.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan normalizes sleep architecture and increases slow-wave sleep, objectively improving sleep quality in chronic insomnia patients.

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Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Liver Fibrosis Inhibition and Hepatic Regeneration Promotion Effect of Gongjindan: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study

Moon PD, Jeong HJ, Kim HM, et al.

Journal of Hepatology (2024)

2.4 kPa Liver Stiffness Reduction
38% Hyaluronic Acid Reduction
134 subjects Participants

Gongjindan inhibits liver fibrosis progression and promotes hepatocyte regeneration, with confirmed efficacy as adjunctive treatment for chronic liver disease.

View Source 2024
Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Liver Fibrosis Inhibition and Hepatic Regeneration Promotion Effect of Gongjindan: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study

Moon PD, Jeong HJ, Kim HM, et al. Journal of Hepatology (2024)
2.4 kPa Liver Stiffness Reduction
38% Hyaluronic Acid Reduction
134 subjects Participants

Summary

A multicenter prospective cohort study compared 24-week progress between Gongjindan and non-treatment groups in 134 patients with chronic liver disease (liver fibrosis F1-F2 stage). The Gongjindan group demonstrated FibroScan liver stiffness decreasing by an average of 2.4 kPa, with serum hyaluronic acid levels decreasing by 38%. ALT/AST ratios also normalized, confirming hepatocyte regeneration promotion effects.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan inhibits liver fibrosis progression and promotes hepatocyte regeneration, with confirmed efficacy as adjunctive treatment for chronic liver disease.

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Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Telomere Length Preservation and Cellular Senescence Delay Effects of Gongjindan Constituents: A Systematic Review

Yun HJ, Choi JY, Park SJ, et al.

Aging Cell (2023)

43% hTERT Expression Increase
35% Telomere Shortening Slowdown
3.2 years Biological Age Reduction

Gongjindan constituents delay cellular-level aging through telomerase activity promotion and oxidative stress reduction, providing scientific evidence for anti-aging tonic effects.

View Source 2023
Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Telomere Length Preservation and Cellular Senescence Delay Effects of Gongjindan Constituents: A Systematic Review

Yun HJ, Choi JY, Park SJ, et al. Aging Cell (2023)
43% hTERT Expression Increase
35% Telomere Shortening Slowdown
3.2 years Biological Age Reduction

Summary

Twenty-four basic and clinical studies evaluating effects of Gongjindan's four major constituents on telomere length and cellular senescence were systematically reviewed. Loganin from Cornus officinalis promoted telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression by 43%, with pantocrine from deer antler reducing oxidative DNA damage and slowing telomere shortening rate by 35%. In users aged 60 or older, biological age decreased by an average of 3.2 years.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan constituents delay cellular-level aging through telomerase activity promotion and oxidative stress reduction, providing scientific evidence for anti-aging tonic effects.

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Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Blood Pressure Control and Vascular Endothelial Function Improvement of Gongjindan in Pre-Hypertensive Patients: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Baek KS, Song JH, Kim DS, et al.

Hypertension Research (2023)

8.4 mmHg Systolic BP Reduction
31% NO Concentration Increase
7.2% Vascular Elasticity Improvement

Gongjindan naturally lowers blood pressure in pre-hypertensive patients and improves vascular elasticity, contributing to cardiovascular risk factor management.

View Source 2023
Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Blood Pressure Control and Vascular Endothelial Function Improvement of Gongjindan in Pre-Hypertensive Patients: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Baek KS, Song JH, Kim DS, et al. Hypertension Research (2023)
8.4 mmHg Systolic BP Reduction
31% NO Concentration Increase
7.2% Vascular Elasticity Improvement

Summary

A pre-post comparison study administered Gongjindan for 12 weeks to 76 pre-hypertensive patients (systolic 130-139 mmHg). Systolic blood pressure decreased by an average of 8.4 mmHg, with pulse wave velocity (PWV) improving by 7.2%. Serum nitric oxide (NO) concentration increased by 31%, confirming vascular endothelial function recovery, with serum triglycerides also significantly decreasing.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan naturally lowers blood pressure in pre-hypertensive patients and improves vascular elasticity, contributing to cardiovascular risk factor management.

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RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Pediatric Growth Promotion and Immunity Enhancement Effect of Gongjindan: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Han JM, Ko SJ, Park JW, et al.

Pediatrics International (2024)

1.6cm Additional Growth
28% NK Cell Activity Increase
108 subjects Participants

Gongjindan promotes growth velocity and strengthens immunity in children with growth retardation, demonstrating proven growth-promoting effects through Qi-Blood tonification.

View Source 2024
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Pediatric Growth Promotion and Immunity Enhancement Effect of Gongjindan: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Han JM, Ko SJ, Park JW, et al. Pediatrics International (2024)
1.6cm Additional Growth
28% NK Cell Activity Increase
108 subjects Participants

Summary

A randomized controlled trial compared Gongjindan and placebo groups over 24 weeks in 108 children with growth retardation (3-97 percentile). The Gongjindan group demonstrated annual growth velocity increasing by an additional 1.6 cm on average, with serum IGF-1 levels optimized within normal range. NK cell activity also increased by 28%, simultaneously confirming immune function strengthening.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan promotes growth velocity and strengthens immunity in children with growth retardation, demonstrating proven growth-promoting effects through Qi-Blood tonification.

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Meta-Analysis Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Meta-analysis of Combined Gongjindan and Acupuncture Treatment for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Lyu YS, Kim CH, Kang HW, et al.

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2023)

82% Treatment Response Rate
28% Additional Fatigue Reduction
12 studies Analyzed Studies

Combined Gongjindan and acupuncture treatment demonstrates synergistic effects on chronic fatigue syndrome and reinforces evidence for integrative Korean medicine treatment.

View Source 2023
Meta-Analysis Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Meta-analysis of Combined Gongjindan and Acupuncture Treatment for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Lyu YS, Kim CH, Kang HW, et al. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2023)
82% Treatment Response Rate
28% Additional Fatigue Reduction
12 studies Analyzed Studies

Summary

Twelve randomized controlled trials (948 subjects total) evaluating effects of combined Gongjindan and acupuncture treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) were meta-analyzed. The combination group demonstrated additional 28% reduction in FSS (Fatigue Severity Scale) scores compared to monotherapy, with treatment response rate of 82% significantly higher than monotherapy (61%). Cortisol normalization rate was also superior in the combination group.

Key Conclusion

Combined Gongjindan and acupuncture treatment demonstrates synergistic effects on chronic fatigue syndrome and reinforces evidence for integrative Korean medicine treatment.

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RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Psychological-Physiological Improvement Effect of Gongjindan for Burnout Syndrome in Office Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Shin JH, Lee BK, Cho WJ, et al.

Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2024)

42% Emotional Exhaustion Reduction
34% Job Engagement Improvement
86 subjects Participants

Gongjindan alleviates emotional exhaustion in office workers with burnout syndrome, restores stress hormone rhythm, and increases job involvement.

View Source 2024
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Psychological-Physiological Improvement Effect of Gongjindan for Burnout Syndrome in Office Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Shin JH, Lee BK, Cho WJ, et al. Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2024)
42% Emotional Exhaustion Reduction
34% Job Engagement Improvement
86 subjects Participants

Summary

A randomized controlled trial compared Gongjindan and placebo groups over 8 weeks in 86 office workers with burnout syndrome. The Gongjindan group demonstrated 42% reduction in MBI (Maslach Burnout Inventory) emotional exhaustion scores, with normalized circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol. Work engagement (UWES scores) improved by 34%, also confirming job involvement enhancement.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan alleviates emotional exhaustion in office workers with burnout syndrome, restores stress hormone rhythm, and increases job involvement.

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Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Testosterone Levels and Vitality in Middle-Aged Men: A Prospective Cohort Study

Park DK, Kim TH, Woo JS, et al.

Andrologia (2023)

18% Testosterone Increase
37% AMS Score Improvement
94 subjects Participants

Gongjindan restores testosterone levels in middle-aged men and alleviates male menopausal symptoms, providing clinical evidence for Kidney Yang deficiency improvement.

View Source 2023
Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Testosterone Levels and Vitality in Middle-Aged Men: A Prospective Cohort Study

Park DK, Kim TH, Woo JS, et al. Andrologia (2023)
18% Testosterone Increase
37% AMS Score Improvement
94 subjects Participants

Summary

A prospective cohort study compared 16-week progress between Gongjindan and non-treatment groups in 94 middle-aged men aged 40-60 with male menopausal symptoms. The Gongjindan group demonstrated serum total testosterone increasing by an average of 18%, with AMS (Aging Males' Symptoms scale) scores improving by 37%. IIEF-5 scores related to sexual function also significantly improved.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan restores testosterone levels in middle-aged men and alleviates male menopausal symptoms, providing clinical evidence for Kidney Yang deficiency improvement.

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Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Motor and Non-motor Symptom Improvement of Gongjindan in Early Parkinson's Disease Patients: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Oh JH, Yang SB, Lee JS, et al.

Parkinsonism and Related Disorders (2024)

6.8 points UPDRS Improvement
29% BDNF Increase
62 subjects Participants

Gongjindan simultaneously improves motor and non-motor symptoms in early-stage Parkinson's disease patients, with neuroprotective effects through BDNF increase confirmed.

View Source 2024
Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Motor and Non-motor Symptom Improvement of Gongjindan in Early Parkinson's Disease Patients: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Oh JH, Yang SB, Lee JS, et al. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders (2024)
6.8 points UPDRS Improvement
29% BDNF Increase
62 subjects Participants

Summary

A pre-post comparison study administered Gongjindan for 16 weeks to 62 patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease (Hoehn and Yahr 1-2). UPDRS Part III (motor function) scores improved by an average of 6.8 points, with significant improvement in non-motor symptoms including constipation (Bristol scale 2.3-point improvement) and olfactory function (UPSIT 3.2-point improvement). Serum BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) increased by 29%.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan simultaneously improves motor and non-motor symptoms in early-stage Parkinson's disease patients, with neuroprotective effects through BDNF increase confirmed.

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Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Long-term Administration Safety and Adverse Event Profile of Gongjindan: A Multicenter Systematic Review

Kim BH, Song YK, Lee HJ, et al.

Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics (2023)

4.7% Adverse Event Rate
31 studies Analyzed Studies
2,847 subjects Total Participants

Gongjindan demonstrates high safety even with long-term administration, with confirmed safety profile as a tonic preparation usable without serious adverse events.

View Source 2023
Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Long-term Administration Safety and Adverse Event Profile of Gongjindan: A Multicenter Systematic Review

Kim BH, Song YK, Lee HJ, et al. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics (2023)
4.7% Adverse Event Rate
31 studies Analyzed Studies
2,847 subjects Total Participants

Summary

Thirty-one clinical studies (2,847 subjects total, average administration period 14.2 weeks) evaluating long-term administration safety of Gongjindan were systematically reviewed. Mild adverse event incidence was 4.7%, with no significant difference from placebo (3.9%), and major adverse events were mild gastrointestinal discomfort (2.1%). Liver and kidney function indicator abnormalities were not reported, with no drug interactions confirmed.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan demonstrates high safety even with long-term administration, with confirmed safety profile as a tonic preparation usable without serious adverse events.

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Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjin-dan Administration on Mitochondrial Function in Chronic Fatigue Patients: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Lee KH, Yoon JY, Seo DW, et al.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2023)

28% Basal respiratory capacity increase
35% Maximum respiratory improvement
50 patients Participants

Gongjin-dan promotes cellular energy production in chronic fatigue by improving mitochondrial function.

View Source 2023
Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjin-dan Administration on Mitochondrial Function in Chronic Fatigue Patients: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Lee KH, Yoon JY, Seo DW, et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2023)
28% Basal respiratory capacity increase
35% Maximum respiratory improvement
50 patients Participants

Summary

Gongjin-dan was administered for 8 weeks to 50 chronic fatigue patients, and mitochondrial respiratory capacity (OCR) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured. Basal respiratory capacity increased by 28%, with maximum respiratory capacity improved by 35%.

Key Conclusion

Gongjin-dan promotes cellular energy production in chronic fatigue by improving mitochondrial function.

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RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Improvement of Fatigue and Autonomic Function in Menopausal Women by Gongjindan: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Hwang JH, Song MY, Lim BV, et al.

Menopause (2023)

43% Kupperman Index Reduction
36% Parasympathetic Activity Increase
58% Hot Flash Reduction

Gongjindan restores autonomic function in menopausal women and significantly improves major symptoms including fatigue and hot flashes.

View Source 2023
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Improvement of Fatigue and Autonomic Function in Menopausal Women by Gongjindan: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Hwang JH, Song MY, Lim BV, et al. Menopause (2023)
43% Kupperman Index Reduction
36% Parasympathetic Activity Increase
58% Hot Flash Reduction

Summary

One hundred four menopausal women were compared in a randomized controlled trial between Gongjindan and placebo groups over 12 weeks. The Gongjindan group demonstrated a 43% reduction in Kupperman Index, with parasympathetic activity (HF power) on heart rate variability (HRV) analysis increasing by 36%, confirming autonomic balance restoration. Hot flash frequency also decreased from an average of 12 to 5 episodes per week.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan restores autonomic function in menopausal women and significantly improves major symptoms including fatigue and hot flashes.

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