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Geummaek Research

Research Papers

A curated collection of academic research relevant to the clinical practice at Geummaek Korean Medicine Clinic.

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Research Papers
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Total 1642 papers

All Wellness / Restoration Gongjindan (拱辰丹) Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏) Gwanjeoldan (關節丹) Hyangseongpajeokhwan (響聲破笛丸) Mental Health Skin Conditions Digestive Disorders Respiratory Conditions ENT Disorders Neurological Disorders Pediatric / Adolescent Care Women's Health / Infertility Men's Health / Urology Geum! Maek! Capsule Diet Geum! Maek! Beauty Clinic Private Inpatient Room Traffic Accident Aftercare Pediatric Traffic Accident Workers' Compensation Lower Back Pain Neck Pain Shoulder Pain Elbow Pain Wrist / Hand Pain Hip Pain Knee Pain Ankle / Foot Pain TMJ Disorder
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Cognitive and Motor Function Recovery Effect of Gongjindan in Stroke Sequelae Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Oh HM, Choi YK, Seo BN, et al.

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2022)

4.8 points K-MMSE Improvement
66 subjects Participants
p=0.003 FMA Significance

Gongjindan promotes cognitive and motor function recovery in stroke sequelae patients.

View Source 2022
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Cognitive and Motor Function Recovery Effect of Gongjindan in Stroke Sequelae Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Oh HM, Choi YK, Seo BN, et al. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2022)
4.8 points K-MMSE Improvement
66 subjects Participants
p=0.003 FMA Significance

Summary

Sixty-six stroke sequelae patients were divided into Gongjindan plus rehabilitation (33) and rehabilitation monotherapy (33) groups for 8 weeks of treatment. The Gongjindan combination group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in K-MMSE and FMA scores.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan promotes cognitive and motor function recovery in stroke sequelae patients.

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Cross-Sectional Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Adverse Event and Safety Evaluation of Gongjindan Administration: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study

Min IK, Park DS, Kwon CY, et al.

Journal of Korean Medicine (2023)

3.2% Adverse Event Rate
2450 subjects Analyzed
Mild Adverse Event Severity

Gongjindan demonstrated high safety in a large patient population and is a prescription safe for clinical application.

View Source 2023
Cross-Sectional Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Adverse Event and Safety Evaluation of Gongjindan Administration: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study

Min IK, Park DS, Kwon CY, et al. Journal of Korean Medicine (2023)
3.2% Adverse Event Rate
2450 subjects Analyzed
Mild Adverse Event Severity

Summary

Medical records of 2,450 patients prescribed Gongjindan in Korean medicine clinics were analyzed for adverse event incidence and types. The overall adverse event rate was very low at 3.2%, with most being mild gastrointestinal disturbances.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan demonstrated high safety in a large patient population and is a prescription safe for clinical application.

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Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Bone Density Increase and Osteoporosis Prevention Effect of Deer Antler: A Cohort Study

Im JG, Cho KH, Baek YH, et al.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2021)

5.3% Lumbar Bone Density Increase
100 subjects Participants
1+ year Administration Period

Long-term administration of deer antler-containing herbal medicine helps maintain bone density and prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

View Source 2021
Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Bone Density Increase and Osteoporosis Prevention Effect of Deer Antler: A Cohort Study

Im JG, Cho KH, Baek YH, et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2021)
5.3% Lumbar Bone Density Increase
100 subjects Participants
1+ year Administration Period

Summary

Bone densities were compared between women aged 50 or older diagnosed with osteopenia who took deer antler-containing herbal medicine (including Gongjindan) for 1 year or more (48) and non-takers (52). Lumbar and femoral bone densities were significantly higher in the user group.

Key Conclusion

Long-term administration of deer antler-containing herbal medicine helps maintain bone density and prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

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Case Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Fatigue Improvement Effect of Gongjindan for COVID-19 Sequelae: A Case Report

Kang BK, Yoo DH, Shin HT, et al.

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2022)

77.8% Fatigue Improvement Rate
18 subjects Participants
88.9% Daily Activity Return Rate

Gongjindan is an effective Korean medicine treatment for chronic fatigue improvement due to COVID-19 sequelae.

View Source 2022
Case Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Fatigue Improvement Effect of Gongjindan for COVID-19 Sequelae: A Case Report

Kang BK, Yoo DH, Shin HT, et al. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2022)
77.8% Fatigue Improvement Rate
18 subjects Participants
88.9% Daily Activity Return Rate

Summary

Eighteen patients complaining of persistent fatigue after COVID-19 infection received Gongjindan for 8 weeks. Significant improvements were observed in fatigue VAS and CFS scores after treatment, with high return-to-daily-activity rates.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan is an effective Korean medicine treatment for chronic fatigue improvement due to COVID-19 sequelae.

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Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Systematic Review of Cardiovascular Protective Effects of Gongjindan

Noh EH, Son AR, Kim BJ, et al.

Phytomedicine (2025)

20 papers Analyzed Papers
Vascular Endothelium Major Mechanism
Antithrombotic Adjunctive Mechanism

Gongjindan exerts cardiovascular protective effects through various mechanisms and has potential utility in cardiovascular disease prevention.

View Source 2025
Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Systematic Review of Cardiovascular Protective Effects of Gongjindan

Noh EH, Son AR, Kim BJ, et al. Phytomedicine (2025)
20 papers Analyzed Papers
Vascular Endothelium Major Mechanism
Antithrombotic Adjunctive Mechanism

Summary

Twenty basic and clinical studies on cardiovascular protective effects of Gongjindan were systematically analyzed. Gongjindan demonstrated effects on blood lipid improvement, vascular endothelial function enhancement, and antithrombotic effects.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan exerts cardiovascular protective effects through various mechanisms and has potential utility in cardiovascular disease prevention.

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Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Study on HPA Axis Modulation Mechanism of Anti-Stress Effects of Gongjindan

Yim YK, Lee AR, Song HS, et al.

Journal of Korean Medicine (2020)

21.5% Cortisol Reduction Rate
42 subjects Participants
p<0.01 ACTH Significance

Gongjindan demonstrates effects of alleviating chronic stress through HPA axis modulation.

View Source 2020
Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Study on HPA Axis Modulation Mechanism of Anti-Stress Effects of Gongjindan

Yim YK, Lee AR, Song HS, et al. Journal of Korean Medicine (2020)
21.5% Cortisol Reduction Rate
42 subjects Participants
p<0.01 ACTH Significance

Summary

Forty-two patients with chronic stress received Gongjindan for 6 weeks, with cortisol, ACTH, and stress VAS measured. Serum cortisol and ACTH levels significantly decreased after treatment, with stress VAS also improving.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan demonstrates effects of alleviating chronic stress through HPA axis modulation.

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RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Comparative Study of Bioavailability Between Pill and Capsule Formulations of Gongjindan

Jo HG, Choi DH, Yun JM, et al.

Complementary Therapies in Medicine (2024)

Equivalent Bioavailability Comparison
36 subjects Participants
Crossover Study Design

The Gongjindan capsule formulation demonstrates equivalent bioavailability to the traditional pill, providing an alternative with improved administration convenience.

View Source 2024
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Comparative Study of Bioavailability Between Pill and Capsule Formulations of Gongjindan

Jo HG, Choi DH, Yun JM, et al. Complementary Therapies in Medicine (2024)
Equivalent Bioavailability Comparison
36 subjects Participants
Crossover Study Design

Summary

Bioavailability of traditional pill and capsule formulations of Gongjindan was compared in a crossover design with 36 healthy adults. There was no significant difference between the two formulations in major active compound blood concentrations and AUC.

Key Conclusion

The Gongjindan capsule formulation demonstrates equivalent bioavailability to the traditional pill, providing an alternative with improved administration convenience.

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Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Physical Strength and Immune Enhancement Effect of Gongjindan in Growing Adolescents: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Seo MJ, Kim AS, Lee WC, et al.

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2019)

15.4% Grip Strength Increase
50 subjects Participants
33.7% NK Cell Increase Rate

Gongjindan is effective in enhancing physical strength and immunity in growing adolescents.

View Source 2019
Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Physical Strength and Immune Enhancement Effect of Gongjindan in Growing Adolescents: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Seo MJ, Kim AS, Lee WC, et al. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2019)
15.4% Grip Strength Increase
50 subjects Participants
33.7% NK Cell Increase Rate

Summary

Fifty adolescents (12-18 years old) complaining of physical weakness and frequent colds received Gongjindan for 12 weeks. Significant improvements were observed in physical fitness tests (grip strength, flexibility) and immune markers (IgA, NK cells).

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan is effective in enhancing physical strength and immunity in growing adolescents.

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Narrative Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Review of Historical Evolution and Modern Clinical Application of Korean Traditional Gongjindan Prescription

Kwon SW, Moon SK, Ahn CB, et al.

Journal of Korean Medicine (2021)

72 papers Analyzed Literature
700+ years Prescription History
12 indications Modern Indications

Gongjindan is a prescription with a history of over 700 years, and its value is being reaffirmed in modern clinical practice.

View Source 2021
Narrative Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Review of Historical Evolution and Modern Clinical Application of Korean Traditional Gongjindan Prescription

Kwon SW, Moon SK, Ahn CB, et al. Journal of Korean Medicine (2021)
72 papers Analyzed Literature
700+ years Prescription History
12 indications Modern Indications

Summary

Seventy-two ancient and modern studies were reviewed to examine the historical evolution from the origin (Sehouideukhyobang) to modern clinical use of the Gongjindan prescription. While the core composition of the traditional prescription is maintained, indications are expanding.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan is a prescription with a history of over 700 years, and its value is being reaffirmed in modern clinical practice.

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RCT Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Pain Alleviation Effect of Gwanjeoldan for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial

Kim SJ, Park HM, Lee JK, et al.

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2023)

74.3% Pain Improvement Rate
140 subjects Participants
12 weeks Treatment Period

Gwanjeoldan is effective in pain reduction and functional improvement in knee osteoarthritis patients.

View Source 2023
RCT Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Pain Alleviation Effect of Gwanjeoldan for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial

Kim SJ, Park HM, Lee JK, et al. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2023)
74.3% Pain Improvement Rate
140 subjects Participants
12 weeks Treatment Period

Summary

One hundred forty patients with knee osteoarthritis were divided into Gwanjeoldan (70) and placebo (70) groups for 12 weeks of treatment. Significant improvements were observed in WOMAC scores, VAS pain scores, and walking distance in the Gwanjeoldan group.

Key Conclusion

Gwanjeoldan is effective in pain reduction and functional improvement in knee osteoarthritis patients.

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Meta-Analysis Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cartilage Protective Effects of Herbal Medicine Treatment for Arthritis

Lee CH, Seo YB, Yoon HJ, et al.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2024)

Joint Space Maintenance Major Effect
1856 subjects Total Participants
20 papers Analyzed Papers

Herbal medicine treatment inhibits cartilage destruction in arthritis patients and is effective in preserving joint structure.

View Source 2024
Meta-Analysis Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cartilage Protective Effects of Herbal Medicine Treatment for Arthritis

Lee CH, Seo YB, Yoon HJ, et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2024)
Joint Space Maintenance Major Effect
1856 subjects Total Participants
20 papers Analyzed Papers

Summary

Twenty clinical trials (1,856 subjects total) were meta-analyzed to evaluate cartilage protective effects of herbal medicine treatment for arthritis. The herbal medicine administration group showed significantly higher joint space maintenance rates, with reduced MMP-13 levels.

Key Conclusion

Herbal medicine treatment inhibits cartilage destruction in arthritis patients and is effective in preserving joint structure.

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Before-After Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Pre-Post Comparison Study of Combined Gwanjeoldan and Acupuncture in Knee Joint Pain Patients

Choi BM, Han KS, Jung TY, et al.

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2022)

71.8% VAS Improvement Rate
68 subjects Participants
8 weeks Treatment Period

Combined Gwanjeoldan and acupuncture is an effective compound treatment for knee joint pain and functional improvement.

View Source 2022
Before-After Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Pre-Post Comparison Study of Combined Gwanjeoldan and Acupuncture in Knee Joint Pain Patients

Choi BM, Han KS, Jung TY, et al. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2022)
71.8% VAS Improvement Rate
68 subjects Participants
8 weeks Treatment Period

Summary

Sixty-eight patients with knee joint pain received combined Gwanjeoldan and acupuncture for 8 weeks, with VAS, WOMAC, and TUG tests performed. Significant improvements were observed in all assessment items after treatment.

Key Conclusion

Combined Gwanjeoldan and acupuncture is an effective compound treatment for knee joint pain and functional improvement.

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