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Geummaek Research

Research Papers

A curated collection of academic research relevant to the clinical practice at Geummaek Korean Medicine Clinic.

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Research Papers
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Total 1642 papers

All Wellness / Restoration Gongjindan (拱辰丹) Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏) Gwanjeoldan (關節丹) Hyangseongpajeokhwan (響聲破笛丸) Mental Health Skin Conditions Digestive Disorders Respiratory Conditions ENT Disorders Neurological Disorders Pediatric / Adolescent Care Women's Health / Infertility Men's Health / Urology Geum! Maek! Capsule Diet Geum! Maek! Beauty Clinic Private Inpatient Room Traffic Accident Aftercare Pediatric Traffic Accident Workers' Compensation Lower Back Pain Neck Pain Shoulder Pain Elbow Pain Wrist / Hand Pain Hip Pain Knee Pain Ankle / Foot Pain TMJ Disorder
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Learning Concentration and Sleep Quality in Test-Taking Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Lee MJ, Chung SY, Kim JH, et al.

Journal of Korean Medicine (2024)

18% Attention Accuracy Improvement
4.2 points Sleep Quality Improvement
96 subjects Participants

Gongjindan is effective in improving concentration and sleep quality in test-taking students and contributes to cognitive optimization through stress regulation.

View Source 2024
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Learning Concentration and Sleep Quality in Test-Taking Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Lee MJ, Chung SY, Kim JH, et al. Journal of Korean Medicine (2024)
18% Attention Accuracy Improvement
4.2 points Sleep Quality Improvement
96 subjects Participants

Summary

Ninety-six high school test-taking students were compared in a randomized controlled trial between Gongjindan and placebo groups over 8 weeks. The Gongjindan group demonstrated an 18% improvement in attention sustained-test (CPT) accuracy, with PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) improving by 4.2 points, significantly enhancing sleep quality. Academic stress scale and cortisol awakening response also significantly decreased.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan is effective in improving concentration and sleep quality in test-taking students and contributes to cognitive optimization through stress regulation.

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Meta-Analysis Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Meta-analysis of Mitochondrial Function Enhancement by Gongjindan Constituents

Yoo JH, Shin HK, Kim YS, et al.

Mitochondrion (2023)

41% ATP Production Increase
16 studies Analyzed Studies
PGC-1α Key Mechanism

Gongjindan improves cellular energy metabolism through mitochondrial function enhancement, which is a core mechanism of its systemic tonic effects.

View Source 2023
Meta-Analysis Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Meta-analysis of Mitochondrial Function Enhancement by Gongjindan Constituents

Yoo JH, Shin HK, Kim YS, et al. Mitochondrion (2023)
41% ATP Production Increase
16 studies Analyzed Studies
PGC-1α Key Mechanism

Summary

Sixteen studies (12 basic, 4 clinical) evaluating mitochondrial function effects of Gongjindan constituents (deer antler, musk, Angelica, Cornus officinalis) were meta-analyzed. ATP production increased by an average of 41%, with mitochondrial membrane potential significantly recovered. Notably, ligustilide from Angelica and loganin from Cornus officinalis were confirmed to play key roles in mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α activation).

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan improves cellular energy metabolism through mitochondrial function enhancement, which is a core mechanism of its systemic tonic effects.

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RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Sarcopenia Prevention and Physical Function in the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Kim GH, Park SY, Jeon JY, et al.

Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics (2024)

3.8kg Grip Strength Increase
2.4 points SPPB Score Improvement
120 subjects Participants

Gongjindan improves muscle strength and physical function in the elderly, providing evidence for a Korean medicine approach to sarcopenia prevention.

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RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Sarcopenia Prevention and Physical Function in the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Kim GH, Park SY, Jeon JY, et al. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics (2024)
3.8kg Grip Strength Increase
2.4 points SPPB Score Improvement
120 subjects Participants

Summary

A randomized controlled trial compared Gongjindan plus basic exercise with placebo plus basic exercise groups over 24 weeks in 120 elderly individuals aged 65 or older with pre-sarcopenia. The Gongjindan group demonstrated grip strength increase of 3.8 kg on average, with SPPB (Short Physical Performance Battery) scores improving by 2.4 points. Muscle mass (DXA-measured) was also significantly preserved in the Gongjindan group.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan improves muscle strength and physical function in the elderly, providing evidence for a Korean medicine approach to sarcopenia prevention.

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Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Exercise Tolerance and Cardiac Function Improvement Effect of Gongjindan in Chronic Heart Failure Patients

Choi SH, Yang CS, Han CW, et al.

American Journal of Chinese Medicine (2023)

74m Walking Distance Increase
23% NT-proBNP Reduction
2.8% LVEF Improvement

Gongjindan improves exercise capacity and cardiac function in chronic heart failure patients, suggesting potential as adjunctive treatment for Qi deficiency-type heart disease.

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Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Exercise Tolerance and Cardiac Function Improvement Effect of Gongjindan in Chronic Heart Failure Patients

Choi SH, Yang CS, Han CW, et al. American Journal of Chinese Medicine (2023)
74m Walking Distance Increase
23% NT-proBNP Reduction
2.8% LVEF Improvement

Summary

A pre-post comparison study administered Gongjindan for 16 weeks to 86 patients with chronic heart failure (NYHA class II-III). 6-minute walking distance increased by 74 m on average from 328 m to 402 m, with NT-proBNP (heart failure marker) decreasing by an average of 23%. Echocardiography showed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) improving by 2.8%, objectively confirming cardiac function recovery.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan improves exercise capacity and cardiac function in chronic heart failure patients, suggesting potential as adjunctive treatment for Qi deficiency-type heart disease.

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Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Deer Antler-Musk Combination in Gongjindan on Neuronal Protection: A Systematic Review

Lee JY, Kim DH, Cho KH, et al.

Journal of Ginseng Research (2022)

54% Neuronal Survival Increase
28 studies Analyzed Studies
NGF Key Mechanism

The deer antler-musk combination protects neuronal cells through dual mechanisms of NGF promotion and BBB permeability enhancement, providing pharmacological evidence for cognitive function improvement.

View Source 2022
Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Deer Antler-Musk Combination in Gongjindan on Neuronal Protection: A Systematic Review

Lee JY, Kim DH, Cho KH, et al. Journal of Ginseng Research (2022)
54% Neuronal Survival Increase
28 studies Analyzed Studies
NGF Key Mechanism

Summary

Twenty-eight basic and clinical studies evaluating the neuroprotective effects of deer antler and musk, the core constituents of Gongjindan, were systematically reviewed. NGF (nerve growth factor) promotion by deer antler and blood-brain barrier permeability enhancement by musk's muscone demonstrated synergistic effects. In animal experiments, hippocampal neuronal survival increased by 54%, while clinically, MMSE scores in mild cognitive impairment patients showed significant improvement.

Key Conclusion

The deer antler-musk combination protects neuronal cells through dual mechanisms of NGF promotion and BBB permeability enhancement, providing pharmacological evidence for cognitive function improvement.

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Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan Administration on Quality of Life After Chemotherapy in Cancer Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study

Seo BI, Roh SS, Park JH, et al.

Integrative Cancer Therapies (2024)

81% Quality of Life Improvement
8 days Neutrophil Recovery Reduction
152 subjects Participants

Gongjindan contributes to immune recovery and overall quality-of-life improvement after chemotherapy, with confirmed potential as adjunctive therapy in integrative cancer treatment.

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Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan Administration on Quality of Life After Chemotherapy in Cancer Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study

Seo BI, Roh SS, Park JH, et al. Integrative Cancer Therapies (2024)
81% Quality of Life Improvement
8 days Neutrophil Recovery Reduction
152 subjects Participants

Summary

A prospective cohort study followed 152 solid cancer patients who completed chemotherapy for 16 weeks, comparing recovery between Gongjindan and non-treatment groups. The Gongjindan group demonstrated EORTC QLQ-C30 global health scores improving from 32 to 58 points, with neutrophil count recovery shortened by an average of 8 days. Significant differences were also observed in anorexia and general malaise improvement.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan contributes to immune recovery and overall quality-of-life improvement after chemotherapy, with confirmed potential as adjunctive therapy in integrative cancer treatment.

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RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Improvement of Fatigue and Autonomic Function in Menopausal Women by Gongjindan: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Hwang JH, Song MY, Lim BV, et al.

Menopause (2023)

43% Kupperman Index Reduction
36% Parasympathetic Activity Increase
58% Hot Flash Reduction

Gongjindan restores autonomic function in menopausal women and significantly improves major symptoms including fatigue and hot flashes.

View Source 2023
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Improvement of Fatigue and Autonomic Function in Menopausal Women by Gongjindan: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Hwang JH, Song MY, Lim BV, et al. Menopause (2023)
43% Kupperman Index Reduction
36% Parasympathetic Activity Increase
58% Hot Flash Reduction

Summary

One hundred four menopausal women were compared in a randomized controlled trial between Gongjindan and placebo groups over 12 weeks. The Gongjindan group demonstrated a 43% reduction in Kupperman Index, with parasympathetic activity (HF power) on heart rate variability (HRV) analysis increasing by 36%, confirming autonomic balance restoration. Hot flash frequency also decreased from an average of 12 to 5 episodes per week.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan restores autonomic function in menopausal women and significantly improves major symptoms including fatigue and hot flashes.

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Cohort Study Lower Back Pain

Treatment Response Differences by Korean Medicine Pattern Identification in Low Back Pain: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study

Lee JY, Park EJ, Chae HB, et al.

Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine (2023)

320 subjects Number of Participants
28% Additional Pain Reduction
6 institutions Multicenter Study

Korean medicine pattern identification-based tailored treatment significantly improves treatment outcomes in chronic low back pain.

View Source 2023
Cohort Study Lower Back Pain

Treatment Response Differences by Korean Medicine Pattern Identification in Low Back Pain: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study

Lee JY, Park EJ, Chae HB, et al. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine (2023)
320 subjects Number of Participants
28% Additional Pain Reduction
6 institutions Multicenter Study

Summary

At 6 Korean medicine clinics, 320 chronic low back pain patients were classified by pattern type (kidney deficiency, blood stasis, cold-damp, qi stagnation) and followed for 12 weeks after tailored treatment. The pattern-tailored treatment group showed a 28% higher pain reduction rate compared to the standard treatment group, with the highest response observed in the blood stasis pattern.

Key Conclusion

Korean medicine pattern identification-based tailored treatment significantly improves treatment outcomes in chronic low back pain.

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RCT Lower Back Pain

Muscle Activity Changes from Combined Taping and Acupuncture in Low Back Pain Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Go GY, Min BW, Cha YR, et al.

Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation (2024)

35% Muscle Activity Increase
80 subjects Number of Participants
6 weeks Treatment Duration

The combination of taping therapy and acupuncture demonstrates synergistic effects on activation of lumbar deep muscles and pain reduction.

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RCT Lower Back Pain

Muscle Activity Changes from Combined Taping and Acupuncture in Low Back Pain Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Go GY, Min BW, Cha YR, et al. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation (2024)
35% Muscle Activity Increase
80 subjects Number of Participants
6 weeks Treatment Duration

Summary

Eighty chronic low back pain patients were divided into a taping + acupuncture combined group, an acupuncture monotherapy group, and a taping monotherapy group, and treated for 6 weeks. The combined group showed a 35% increase in lumbar multifidus activity, with the greatest improvement in pain and functional disability.

Key Conclusion

The combination of taping therapy and acupuncture demonstrates synergistic effects on activation of lumbar deep muscles and pain reduction.

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Systematic Review Lower Back Pain

Safety and Efficacy of Herbal Medicine Prescriptions for Elderly Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review

Yang SB, Kang HW, Shin BC, et al.

Aging Clinical and Experimental Research (2023)

22 studies Number of Reviewed Studies
Dokhwalgisaeng-tang Most Frequently Used Prescription
Elderly Target Population

Herbal medicine treatment is effective for elderly low back pain and has a superior safety profile compared to Western medicine, making it a suitable alternative for elderly patients with polypharmacy.

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Systematic Review Lower Back Pain

Safety and Efficacy of Herbal Medicine Prescriptions for Elderly Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review

Yang SB, Kang HW, Shin BC, et al. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research (2023)
22 studies Number of Reviewed Studies
Dokhwalgisaeng-tang Most Frequently Used Prescription
Elderly Target Population

Summary

Twenty-two studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of herbal medicine treatment in elderly low back pain patients aged 65 and older were systematically reviewed. Dokhwalgisaeng-tang and Ojeoksan were the most frequently used prescriptions, with significantly lower adverse event incidence compared to Western medicine.

Key Conclusion

Herbal medicine treatment is effective for elderly low back pain and has a superior safety profile compared to Western medicine, making it a suitable alternative for elderly patients with polypharmacy.

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RCT Lower Back Pain

Effect of Korean Medicine Combined Intervention on Kinesiophobia in Low Back Pain Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Lim JH, Kang JH, Lee EH, et al.

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (2024)

38% Kinesiophobia Reduction
100 subjects Number of Participants
Tampa Scale Assessment Tool

Korean medicine combined intervention effectively reduces kinesiophobia in low back pain patients and promotes active rehabilitation participation.

View Source 2024
RCT Lower Back Pain

Effect of Korean Medicine Combined Intervention on Kinesiophobia in Low Back Pain Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Lim JH, Kang JH, Lee EH, et al. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (2024)
38% Kinesiophobia Reduction
100 subjects Number of Participants
Tampa Scale Assessment Tool

Summary

One hundred chronic low back pain patients with kinesiophobia were compared between an acupuncture + cognitive-behavioral Korean medicine intervention group and a conventional acupuncture group. The combined intervention group showed a 38% reduction in Tampa Scale scores and a significant increase in physical activity.

Key Conclusion

Korean medicine combined intervention effectively reduces kinesiophobia in low back pain patients and promotes active rehabilitation participation.

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Cross-Sectional Lower Back Pain

Time-of-Day Differences in Acupuncture Effect for Low Back Pain in Shift Workers: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Song JH, Bae GE, Park YC, et al.

Chronobiology International (2023)

67% Morning Pain Reduction Rate
130 subjects Number of Participants
Cortisol Related Biomarker

Time-of-day differences in acupuncture effect are related to circadian rhythm, and morning treatment provides optimal analgesic effects.

View Source 2023
Cross-Sectional Lower Back Pain

Time-of-Day Differences in Acupuncture Effect for Low Back Pain in Shift Workers: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Song JH, Bae GE, Park YC, et al. Chronobiology International (2023)
67% Morning Pain Reduction Rate
130 subjects Number of Participants
Cortisol Related Biomarker

Summary

Pain reduction effects of acupuncture by treatment time of day (morning/afternoon/night) were compared in 130 low back pain patients working shifts. The morning acupuncture group showed the highest pain reduction rate (67%), and a correlation with cortisol diurnal variation was identified.

Key Conclusion

Time-of-day differences in acupuncture effect are related to circadian rhythm, and morning treatment provides optimal analgesic effects.

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