금맥한의원
Geummaek Research

Research Papers

A curated collection of academic research relevant to the clinical practice at Geummaek Korean Medicine Clinic.

📅 Book Appointment 📋 Geummaek Herbal Medicine 💬 Reviews 📝 Health Columns
Research Papers
🔍

Total 1642 papers

All Wellness / Restoration Gongjindan (拱辰丹) Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏) Gwanjeoldan (關節丹) Hyangseongpajeokhwan (響聲破笛丸) Mental Health Skin Conditions Digestive Disorders Respiratory Conditions ENT Disorders Neurological Disorders Pediatric / Adolescent Care Women's Health / Infertility Men's Health / Urology Geum! Maek! Capsule Diet Geum! Maek! Beauty Clinic Private Inpatient Room Traffic Accident Aftercare Pediatric Traffic Accident Workers' Compensation Lower Back Pain Neck Pain Shoulder Pain Elbow Pain Wrist / Hand Pain Hip Pain Knee Pain Ankle / Foot Pain TMJ Disorder
Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Exercise Tolerance and Cardiac Function Improvement Effect of Gongjindan in Chronic Heart Failure Patients

Choi SH, Yang CS, Han CW, et al.

American Journal of Chinese Medicine (2023)

74m Walking Distance Increase
23% NT-proBNP Reduction
2.8% LVEF Improvement

Gongjindan improves exercise capacity and cardiac function in chronic heart failure patients, suggesting potential as adjunctive treatment for Qi deficiency-type heart disease.

View Source 2023
Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Exercise Tolerance and Cardiac Function Improvement Effect of Gongjindan in Chronic Heart Failure Patients

Choi SH, Yang CS, Han CW, et al. American Journal of Chinese Medicine (2023)
74m Walking Distance Increase
23% NT-proBNP Reduction
2.8% LVEF Improvement

Summary

A pre-post comparison study administered Gongjindan for 16 weeks to 86 patients with chronic heart failure (NYHA class II-III). 6-minute walking distance increased by 74 m on average from 328 m to 402 m, with NT-proBNP (heart failure marker) decreasing by an average of 23%. Echocardiography showed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) improving by 2.8%, objectively confirming cardiac function recovery.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan improves exercise capacity and cardiac function in chronic heart failure patients, suggesting potential as adjunctive treatment for Qi deficiency-type heart disease.

View Full Paper
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Sarcopenia Prevention and Physical Function in the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Kim GH, Park SY, Jeon JY, et al.

Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics (2024)

3.8kg Grip Strength Increase
2.4 points SPPB Score Improvement
120 subjects Participants

Gongjindan improves muscle strength and physical function in the elderly, providing evidence for a Korean medicine approach to sarcopenia prevention.

View Source 2024
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Sarcopenia Prevention and Physical Function in the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Kim GH, Park SY, Jeon JY, et al. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics (2024)
3.8kg Grip Strength Increase
2.4 points SPPB Score Improvement
120 subjects Participants

Summary

A randomized controlled trial compared Gongjindan plus basic exercise with placebo plus basic exercise groups over 24 weeks in 120 elderly individuals aged 65 or older with pre-sarcopenia. The Gongjindan group demonstrated grip strength increase of 3.8 kg on average, with SPPB (Short Physical Performance Battery) scores improving by 2.4 points. Muscle mass (DXA-measured) was also significantly preserved in the Gongjindan group.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan improves muscle strength and physical function in the elderly, providing evidence for a Korean medicine approach to sarcopenia prevention.

View Full Paper
Meta-Analysis Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Meta-analysis of Mitochondrial Function Enhancement by Gongjindan Constituents

Yoo JH, Shin HK, Kim YS, et al.

Mitochondrion (2023)

41% ATP Production Increase
16 studies Analyzed Studies
PGC-1α Key Mechanism

Gongjindan improves cellular energy metabolism through mitochondrial function enhancement, which is a core mechanism of its systemic tonic effects.

View Source 2023
Meta-Analysis Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Meta-analysis of Mitochondrial Function Enhancement by Gongjindan Constituents

Yoo JH, Shin HK, Kim YS, et al. Mitochondrion (2023)
41% ATP Production Increase
16 studies Analyzed Studies
PGC-1α Key Mechanism

Summary

Sixteen studies (12 basic, 4 clinical) evaluating mitochondrial function effects of Gongjindan constituents (deer antler, musk, Angelica, Cornus officinalis) were meta-analyzed. ATP production increased by an average of 41%, with mitochondrial membrane potential significantly recovered. Notably, ligustilide from Angelica and loganin from Cornus officinalis were confirmed to play key roles in mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α activation).

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan improves cellular energy metabolism through mitochondrial function enhancement, which is a core mechanism of its systemic tonic effects.

View Full Paper
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Learning Concentration and Sleep Quality in Test-Taking Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Lee MJ, Chung SY, Kim JH, et al.

Journal of Korean Medicine (2024)

18% Attention Accuracy Improvement
4.2 points Sleep Quality Improvement
96 subjects Participants

Gongjindan is effective in improving concentration and sleep quality in test-taking students and contributes to cognitive optimization through stress regulation.

View Source 2024
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Learning Concentration and Sleep Quality in Test-Taking Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Lee MJ, Chung SY, Kim JH, et al. Journal of Korean Medicine (2024)
18% Attention Accuracy Improvement
4.2 points Sleep Quality Improvement
96 subjects Participants

Summary

Ninety-six high school test-taking students were compared in a randomized controlled trial between Gongjindan and placebo groups over 8 weeks. The Gongjindan group demonstrated an 18% improvement in attention sustained-test (CPT) accuracy, with PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) improving by 4.2 points, significantly enhancing sleep quality. Academic stress scale and cortisol awakening response also significantly decreased.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan is effective in improving concentration and sleep quality in test-taking students and contributes to cognitive optimization through stress regulation.

View Full Paper
Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Insulin Resistance Improvement Effect of Gongjindan in Pre-Diabetic Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study

Nam DW, Kim SH, Park HJ, et al.

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice (2023)

1.8 HOMA-IR Reduction
0.4% HbA1c Improvement
35% Adiponectin Increase

Gongjindan improves insulin resistance in pre-diabetic patients and enhances metabolic markers, suggesting potential for diabetes progression prevention.

View Source 2023
Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Insulin Resistance Improvement Effect of Gongjindan in Pre-Diabetic Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study

Nam DW, Kim SH, Park HJ, et al. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice (2023)
1.8 HOMA-IR Reduction
0.4% HbA1c Improvement
35% Adiponectin Increase

Summary

A prospective cohort study compared 12-week progress between Gongjindan and non-treatment groups in 88 pre-diabetic patients (fasting glucose 100-125 mg/dL). The Gongjindan group demonstrated HOMA-IR (insulin resistance index) decreasing by an average of 1.8, with HbA1c improving by 0.4%. Serum adiponectin levels increased by 35%, confirming metabolic function improvement.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan improves insulin resistance in pre-diabetic patients and enhances metabolic markers, suggesting potential for diabetes progression prevention.

View Full Paper
Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Cognitive-Motor Function Recovery Promotion Effect of Gongjindan in Stroke Sequelae Patients: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Kang BK, Lee SJ, Kim EH, et al.

Neurological Research (2024)

14.6 points K-MBI Improvement
3.1 points Frontal Function Improvement
72 subjects Participants

Gongjindan promotes cognitive and motor function recovery in stroke sequelae patients, with rehabilitation effects through brain neuroplasticity enhancement confirmed.

View Source 2024
Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Cognitive-Motor Function Recovery Promotion Effect of Gongjindan in Stroke Sequelae Patients: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Kang BK, Lee SJ, Kim EH, et al. Neurological Research (2024)
14.6 points K-MBI Improvement
3.1 points Frontal Function Improvement
72 subjects Participants

Summary

A pre-post comparison study administered Gongjindan for 12 weeks to 72 patients 3-12 months after stroke. K-MBI (Korean Modified Barthel Index) improved by an average of 14.6 points, with frontal function test (FAB) improving by 3.1 points. fMRI analysis showed significantly increased brain network connectivity, radiologically confirming neuroplasticity promotion effects.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan promotes cognitive and motor function recovery in stroke sequelae patients, with rehabilitation effects through brain neuroplasticity enhancement confirmed.

View Full Paper
Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Systematic Review of Immunomodulatory Effects of Gongjindan: Focusing on NK Cell Activity and Cytokine Balance

Cho SG, Lee YC, Jung IC, et al.

Frontiers in Immunology (2023)

47% NK Cell Activity Increase
22 studies Analyzed Studies
Polysaccharides Key Immune-Active Components

Gongjindan possesses multilayered immunomodulatory effects activating both innate and adaptive immunity, contributing to defense function recovery in immunocompromised patients.

View Source 2023
Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Systematic Review of Immunomodulatory Effects of Gongjindan: Focusing on NK Cell Activity and Cytokine Balance

Cho SG, Lee YC, Jung IC, et al. Frontiers in Immunology (2023)
47% NK Cell Activity Increase
22 studies Analyzed Studies
Polysaccharides Key Immune-Active Components

Summary

Twenty-two basic and clinical studies evaluating immunomodulatory effects of Gongjindan were systematically reviewed. NK cell activity increased by an average of 47%, with significantly improved Th1/Th2 cytokine balance. Polysaccharides from deer antler and Angelica polysaccharides were confirmed to promote dendritic cell maturation and activate adaptive immunity.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan possesses multilayered immunomodulatory effects activating both innate and adaptive immunity, contributing to defense function recovery in immunocompromised patients.

View Full Paper
RCT Lower Back Pain

Effect of Combined Acupuncture and Physical Therapy on Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Park JH, Kim SY, Lee DH, et al.

Journal of Korean Medicine (2024)

62% Pain Reduction Rate
120 subjects Number of Participants
8 weeks Treatment Duration

The combination of acupuncture and physical therapy is more effective than monotherapy for pain reduction and functional recovery in disc herniation patients.

View Source 2024
RCT Lower Back Pain

Effect of Combined Acupuncture and Physical Therapy on Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Park JH, Kim SY, Lee DH, et al. Journal of Korean Medicine (2024)
62% Pain Reduction Rate
120 subjects Number of Participants
8 weeks Treatment Duration

Summary

One hundred twenty patients with lumbar disc herniation were compared between an acupuncture + physical therapy combined group and a physical therapy monotherapy group over 8 weeks. The combined treatment group showed an average 62% reduction in VAS pain scores, with significant improvement in ODI functional disability index.

Key Conclusion

The combination of acupuncture and physical therapy is more effective than monotherapy for pain reduction and functional recovery in disc herniation patients.

View Full Paper
Systematic Review Lower Back Pain

Comparison of Analgesic Effects by Electroacupuncture Stimulation Frequency in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients: A Systematic Review

Shin HK, Choi JY, Kang BK, et al.

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2023)

18 studies Number of Reviewed Studies
2Hz Optimal Frequency
β-endorphin Mechanism of Action

In electroacupuncture treatment for chronic low back pain, 2Hz low-frequency stimulation provides optimal analgesic effects, and frequency selection significantly impacts treatment outcomes.

View Source 2023
Systematic Review Lower Back Pain

Comparison of Analgesic Effects by Electroacupuncture Stimulation Frequency in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients: A Systematic Review

Shin HK, Choi JY, Kang BK, et al. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2023)
18 studies Number of Reviewed Studies
2Hz Optimal Frequency
β-endorphin Mechanism of Action

Summary

Eighteen studies comparing the analgesic effects of 2Hz, 100Hz, and mixed frequencies in electroacupuncture were systematically reviewed. The 2Hz low-frequency stimulation showed the highest analgesic effect in chronic low back pain and was associated with increased β-endorphin secretion.

Key Conclusion

In electroacupuncture treatment for chronic low back pain, 2Hz low-frequency stimulation provides optimal analgesic effects, and frequency selection significantly impacts treatment outcomes.

View Full Paper
Before-After Lower Back Pain

Anti-inflammatory Effect of Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture in Acute Low Back Pain: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Oh SE, Jung WS, Park SJ, et al.

Korean Journal of Acupuncture (2024)

45% CRP Reduction Rate
58% Pain Reduction Rate
65 subjects Number of Participants

Bee venom pharmacopuncture effectively suppresses the inflammatory response in acute low back pain and provides rapid pain relief.

View Source 2024
Before-After Lower Back Pain

Anti-inflammatory Effect of Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture in Acute Low Back Pain: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Oh SE, Jung WS, Park SJ, et al. Korean Journal of Acupuncture (2024)
45% CRP Reduction Rate
58% Pain Reduction Rate
65 subjects Number of Participants

Summary

Five sessions of bee venom pharmacopuncture were administered to 65 patients within 72 hours of acute low back pain onset, and inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6) and pain levels were compared before and after. CRP decreased by an average of 45%, and VAS pain scores decreased by 58%.

Key Conclusion

Bee venom pharmacopuncture effectively suppresses the inflammatory response in acute low back pain and provides rapid pain relief.

View Full Paper
Cohort Study Lower Back Pain

Effect of Chuna Manipulation on Walking Ability in Spinal Stenosis Patients: A Cohort Study

Hwang MS, Lee JH, Kim KH, et al.

Spine (2023)

180m Walking Distance Increase
95 subjects Number of Participants
12 weeks Follow-up Period

Chuna manipulation is an effective non-surgical treatment for improving walking ability and daily living function in spinal stenosis patients.

View Source 2023
Cohort Study Lower Back Pain

Effect of Chuna Manipulation on Walking Ability in Spinal Stenosis Patients: A Cohort Study

Hwang MS, Lee JH, Kim KH, et al. Spine (2023)
180m Walking Distance Increase
95 subjects Number of Participants
12 weeks Follow-up Period

Summary

Ninety-five patients with intermittent claudication due to spinal stenosis were divided into a chuna manipulation group and a control group and followed for 12 weeks. Walking distance increased by an average of 180m in the chuna group, and neurogenic claudication symptoms improved significantly.

Key Conclusion

Chuna manipulation is an effective non-surgical treatment for improving walking ability and daily living function in spinal stenosis patients.

View Full Paper
RCT Lower Back Pain

Effect of a Korean Medicine Self-Management Program for Low Back Pain Recurrence Prevention: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Yoon SH, Lim CS, Cho HJ, et al.

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2024)

57% Recurrence Reduction
150 subjects Number of Participants
1 year Follow-up Period

The Korean medicine self-management program reduces low back pain recurrence rates by more than half and is effective for long-term low back pain management.

View Source 2024
RCT Lower Back Pain

Effect of a Korean Medicine Self-Management Program for Low Back Pain Recurrence Prevention: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Yoon SH, Lim CS, Cho HJ, et al. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2024)
57% Recurrence Reduction
150 subjects Number of Participants
1 year Follow-up Period

Summary

One hundred fifty patients with experience of low back pain recurrence were compared in a Korean medicine self-management program (Doin exercises, medicinal diet, lifestyle modification) for 1-year recurrence rates. The recurrence rate of the program participants was 18%, significantly lower than the 42% in the control group.

Key Conclusion

The Korean medicine self-management program reduces low back pain recurrence rates by more than half and is effective for long-term low back pain management.

View Full Paper