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Geummaek Research

Research Papers

A curated collection of academic research relevant to the clinical practice at Geummaek Korean Medicine Clinic.

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Research Papers
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Total 45 papers

All Wellness / Restoration Gongjindan (拱辰丹) Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏) Gwanjeoldan (關節丹) Hyangseongpajeokhwan (響聲破笛丸) Mental Health Skin Conditions Digestive Disorders Respiratory Conditions ENT Disorders Neurological Disorders Pediatric / Adolescent Care Women's Health / Infertility Men's Health / Urology Geum! Maek! Capsule Diet Geum! Maek! Beauty Clinic Private Inpatient Room Traffic Accident Aftercare Pediatric Traffic Accident Workers' Compensation Lower Back Pain Neck Pain Shoulder Pain Elbow Pain Wrist / Hand Pain Hip Pain Knee Pain Ankle / Foot Pain TMJ Disorder
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Comparative Study of Bioavailability Between Pill and Capsule Formulations of Gongjindan

Jo HG, Choi DH, Yun JM, et al.

Complementary Therapies in Medicine (2024)

Equivalent Bioavailability Comparison
36 subjects Participants
Crossover Study Design

The Gongjindan capsule formulation demonstrates equivalent bioavailability to the traditional pill, providing an alternative with improved administration convenience.

View Source 2024
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Comparative Study of Bioavailability Between Pill and Capsule Formulations of Gongjindan

Jo HG, Choi DH, Yun JM, et al. Complementary Therapies in Medicine (2024)
Equivalent Bioavailability Comparison
36 subjects Participants
Crossover Study Design

Summary

Bioavailability of traditional pill and capsule formulations of Gongjindan was compared in a crossover design with 36 healthy adults. There was no significant difference between the two formulations in major active compound blood concentrations and AUC.

Key Conclusion

The Gongjindan capsule formulation demonstrates equivalent bioavailability to the traditional pill, providing an alternative with improved administration convenience.

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Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Study on HPA Axis Modulation Mechanism of Anti-Stress Effects of Gongjindan

Yim YK, Lee AR, Song HS, et al.

Journal of Korean Medicine (2020)

21.5% Cortisol Reduction Rate
42 subjects Participants
p<0.01 ACTH Significance

Gongjindan demonstrates effects of alleviating chronic stress through HPA axis modulation.

View Source 2020
Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Study on HPA Axis Modulation Mechanism of Anti-Stress Effects of Gongjindan

Yim YK, Lee AR, Song HS, et al. Journal of Korean Medicine (2020)
21.5% Cortisol Reduction Rate
42 subjects Participants
p<0.01 ACTH Significance

Summary

Forty-two patients with chronic stress received Gongjindan for 6 weeks, with cortisol, ACTH, and stress VAS measured. Serum cortisol and ACTH levels significantly decreased after treatment, with stress VAS also improving.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan demonstrates effects of alleviating chronic stress through HPA axis modulation.

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Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Systematic Review of Cardiovascular Protective Effects of Gongjindan

Noh EH, Son AR, Kim BJ, et al.

Phytomedicine (2025)

20 papers Analyzed Papers
Vascular Endothelium Major Mechanism
Antithrombotic Adjunctive Mechanism

Gongjindan exerts cardiovascular protective effects through various mechanisms and has potential utility in cardiovascular disease prevention.

View Source 2025
Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Systematic Review of Cardiovascular Protective Effects of Gongjindan

Noh EH, Son AR, Kim BJ, et al. Phytomedicine (2025)
20 papers Analyzed Papers
Vascular Endothelium Major Mechanism
Antithrombotic Adjunctive Mechanism

Summary

Twenty basic and clinical studies on cardiovascular protective effects of Gongjindan were systematically analyzed. Gongjindan demonstrated effects on blood lipid improvement, vascular endothelial function enhancement, and antithrombotic effects.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan exerts cardiovascular protective effects through various mechanisms and has potential utility in cardiovascular disease prevention.

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Case Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Fatigue Improvement Effect of Gongjindan for COVID-19 Sequelae: A Case Report

Kang BK, Yoo DH, Shin HT, et al.

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2022)

77.8% Fatigue Improvement Rate
18 subjects Participants
88.9% Daily Activity Return Rate

Gongjindan is an effective Korean medicine treatment for chronic fatigue improvement due to COVID-19 sequelae.

View Source 2022
Case Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Fatigue Improvement Effect of Gongjindan for COVID-19 Sequelae: A Case Report

Kang BK, Yoo DH, Shin HT, et al. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2022)
77.8% Fatigue Improvement Rate
18 subjects Participants
88.9% Daily Activity Return Rate

Summary

Eighteen patients complaining of persistent fatigue after COVID-19 infection received Gongjindan for 8 weeks. Significant improvements were observed in fatigue VAS and CFS scores after treatment, with high return-to-daily-activity rates.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan is an effective Korean medicine treatment for chronic fatigue improvement due to COVID-19 sequelae.

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Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Bone Density Increase and Osteoporosis Prevention Effect of Deer Antler: A Cohort Study

Im JG, Cho KH, Baek YH, et al.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2021)

5.3% Lumbar Bone Density Increase
100 subjects Participants
1+ year Administration Period

Long-term administration of deer antler-containing herbal medicine helps maintain bone density and prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

View Source 2021
Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Bone Density Increase and Osteoporosis Prevention Effect of Deer Antler: A Cohort Study

Im JG, Cho KH, Baek YH, et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2021)
5.3% Lumbar Bone Density Increase
100 subjects Participants
1+ year Administration Period

Summary

Bone densities were compared between women aged 50 or older diagnosed with osteopenia who took deer antler-containing herbal medicine (including Gongjindan) for 1 year or more (48) and non-takers (52). Lumbar and femoral bone densities were significantly higher in the user group.

Key Conclusion

Long-term administration of deer antler-containing herbal medicine helps maintain bone density and prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

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Cross-Sectional Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Adverse Event and Safety Evaluation of Gongjindan Administration: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study

Min IK, Park DS, Kwon CY, et al.

Journal of Korean Medicine (2023)

3.2% Adverse Event Rate
2450 subjects Analyzed
Mild Adverse Event Severity

Gongjindan demonstrated high safety in a large patient population and is a prescription safe for clinical application.

View Source 2023
Cross-Sectional Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Adverse Event and Safety Evaluation of Gongjindan Administration: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study

Min IK, Park DS, Kwon CY, et al. Journal of Korean Medicine (2023)
3.2% Adverse Event Rate
2450 subjects Analyzed
Mild Adverse Event Severity

Summary

Medical records of 2,450 patients prescribed Gongjindan in Korean medicine clinics were analyzed for adverse event incidence and types. The overall adverse event rate was very low at 3.2%, with most being mild gastrointestinal disturbances.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan demonstrated high safety in a large patient population and is a prescription safe for clinical application.

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RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Cognitive and Motor Function Recovery Effect of Gongjindan in Stroke Sequelae Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Oh HM, Choi YK, Seo BN, et al.

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2022)

4.8 points K-MMSE Improvement
66 subjects Participants
p=0.003 FMA Significance

Gongjindan promotes cognitive and motor function recovery in stroke sequelae patients.

View Source 2022
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Cognitive and Motor Function Recovery Effect of Gongjindan in Stroke Sequelae Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Oh HM, Choi YK, Seo BN, et al. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2022)
4.8 points K-MMSE Improvement
66 subjects Participants
p=0.003 FMA Significance

Summary

Sixty-six stroke sequelae patients were divided into Gongjindan plus rehabilitation (33) and rehabilitation monotherapy (33) groups for 8 weeks of treatment. The Gongjindan combination group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in K-MMSE and FMA scores.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan promotes cognitive and motor function recovery in stroke sequelae patients.

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Meta-Analysis Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Meta-analysis of Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Effects of Cornus officinalis

Woo SH, Jung GS, Lee EJ, et al.

Phytomedicine (2023)

12.8% Fasting Glucose Reduction
985 subjects Total Participants
14 papers Analyzed Papers

Cornus officinalis is effective in glycemic control and oxidative stress reduction, supporting metabolic regulation function as a constituent of Gongjindan.

View Source 2023
Meta-Analysis Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Meta-analysis of Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Effects of Cornus officinalis

Woo SH, Jung GS, Lee EJ, et al. Phytomedicine (2023)
12.8% Fasting Glucose Reduction
985 subjects Total Participants
14 papers Analyzed Papers

Summary

Fourteen clinical trials (985 subjects total) evaluating antioxidant and antidiabetic effects of Cornus officinalis were meta-analyzed. The Cornus officinalis administration group showed significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and serum MDA levels.

Key Conclusion

Cornus officinalis is effective in glycemic control and oxidative stress reduction, supporting metabolic regulation function as a constituent of Gongjindan.

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Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Multicenter Pre-Post Comparison Study on Sleep Quality Changes Before and After Gongjindan Administration

Han CH, Park JW, Kim YI, et al.

Complementary Therapies in Medicine (2025)

4.7 points PSQI Score Improvement
180 subjects Participants
5 sites Participating Hospitals

Gongjindan is effective in improving sleep quality in patients with sleep disturbance.

View Source 2025
Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Multicenter Pre-Post Comparison Study on Sleep Quality Changes Before and After Gongjindan Administration

Han CH, Park JW, Kim YI, et al. Complementary Therapies in Medicine (2025)
4.7 points PSQI Score Improvement
180 subjects Participants
5 sites Participating Hospitals

Summary

One hundred eighty patients with sleep disturbance at 5 Korean medicine hospitals received Gongjindan for 8 weeks, with PSQI measured. PSQI scores improved by an average of 4.7 points after treatment, with significant increase in deep sleep rate.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan is effective in improving sleep quality in patients with sleep disturbance.

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Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Liver Function Protection Effect of Gongjindan in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients: A Cohort Study

Song MK, Lee HY, Yoon EL, et al.

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2020)

28.5% AST Reduction Rate
130 subjects Participants
24 months Follow-up Period

Gongjindan can be used adjunctively for liver function stabilization and fatigue improvement in chronic hepatitis patients.

View Source 2020
Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Liver Function Protection Effect of Gongjindan in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients: A Cohort Study

Song MK, Lee HY, Yoon EL, et al. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2020)
28.5% AST Reduction Rate
130 subjects Participants
24 months Follow-up Period

Summary

Among chronic hepatitis B patients, those who received concomitant Gongjindan (65) and standard treatment-only group (65) were followed for 24 months. The Gongjindan combination group showed more stable AST and ALT levels, with improved fatigue scores.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan can be used adjunctively for liver function stabilization and fatigue improvement in chronic hepatitis patients.

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Narrative Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Narrative Review of Hematopoiesis and Blood Circulation Promotion Effects of Angelica

Go WS, Nam HJ, Sung SH, et al.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2022)

58 papers Analyzed Papers
Ferulic acid Major Active Component
Vasodilation Major Mechanism

Angelica plays an important role in hematopoiesis and blood circulation improvement as a core constituent of Gongjindan.

View Source 2022
Narrative Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Narrative Review of Hematopoiesis and Blood Circulation Promotion Effects of Angelica

Go WS, Nam HJ, Sung SH, et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2022)
58 papers Analyzed Papers
Ferulic acid Major Active Component
Vasodilation Major Mechanism

Summary

Fifty-eight articles on hematopoiesis promotion, blood circulation improvement, and anti-inflammatory effects of Angelica were analyzed. The major components of Angelica, ferulic acid and ligustilide, were confirmed to contribute to hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and vasodilation.

Key Conclusion

Angelica plays an important role in hematopoiesis and blood circulation improvement as a core constituent of Gongjindan.

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RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Symptom Alleviation Effect of Gongjindan in Menopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Shin MK, Cho AR, Kim HS, et al.

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2024)

69.8% Symptom Improvement Rate
100 subjects Participants
12 weeks Treatment Period

Gongjindan is an effective Korean medicine tonic prescription for alleviating various menopausal symptoms in women.

View Source 2024
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Symptom Alleviation Effect of Gongjindan in Menopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Shin MK, Cho AR, Kim HS, et al. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2024)
69.8% Symptom Improvement Rate
100 subjects Participants
12 weeks Treatment Period

Summary

One hundred menopausal women were divided into Gongjindan (50) and placebo (50) groups for 12 weeks of treatment. Significant improvements were observed in Kupperman menopause index, hot flash frequency, and insomnia scores in the Gongjindan group.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan is an effective Korean medicine tonic prescription for alleviating various menopausal symptoms in women.

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