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Geummaek Research

Research Papers

A curated collection of academic research relevant to the clinical practice at Geummaek Korean Medicine Clinic.

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Research Papers
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Total 45 papers

All Wellness / Restoration Gongjindan (拱辰丹) Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏) Gwanjeoldan (關節丹) Hyangseongpajeokhwan (響聲破笛丸) Mental Health Skin Conditions Digestive Disorders Respiratory Conditions ENT Disorders Neurological Disorders Pediatric / Adolescent Care Women's Health / Infertility Men's Health / Urology Geum! Maek! Capsule Diet Geum! Maek! Beauty Clinic Private Inpatient Room Traffic Accident Aftercare Pediatric Traffic Accident Workers' Compensation Lower Back Pain Neck Pain Shoulder Pain Elbow Pain Wrist / Hand Pain Hip Pain Knee Pain Ankle / Foot Pain TMJ Disorder
Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan Administration on Quality of Life After Chemotherapy in Cancer Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study

Seo BI, Roh SS, Park JH, et al.

Integrative Cancer Therapies (2024)

81% Quality of Life Improvement
8 days Neutrophil Recovery Reduction
152 subjects Participants

Gongjindan contributes to immune recovery and overall quality-of-life improvement after chemotherapy, with confirmed potential as adjunctive therapy in integrative cancer treatment.

View Source 2024
Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan Administration on Quality of Life After Chemotherapy in Cancer Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study

Seo BI, Roh SS, Park JH, et al. Integrative Cancer Therapies (2024)
81% Quality of Life Improvement
8 days Neutrophil Recovery Reduction
152 subjects Participants

Summary

A prospective cohort study followed 152 solid cancer patients who completed chemotherapy for 16 weeks, comparing recovery between Gongjindan and non-treatment groups. The Gongjindan group demonstrated EORTC QLQ-C30 global health scores improving from 32 to 58 points, with neutrophil count recovery shortened by an average of 8 days. Significant differences were also observed in anorexia and general malaise improvement.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan contributes to immune recovery and overall quality-of-life improvement after chemotherapy, with confirmed potential as adjunctive therapy in integrative cancer treatment.

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Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Deer Antler-Musk Combination in Gongjindan on Neuronal Protection: A Systematic Review

Lee JY, Kim DH, Cho KH, et al.

Journal of Ginseng Research (2022)

54% Neuronal Survival Increase
28 studies Analyzed Studies
NGF Key Mechanism

The deer antler-musk combination protects neuronal cells through dual mechanisms of NGF promotion and BBB permeability enhancement, providing pharmacological evidence for cognitive function improvement.

View Source 2022
Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Deer Antler-Musk Combination in Gongjindan on Neuronal Protection: A Systematic Review

Lee JY, Kim DH, Cho KH, et al. Journal of Ginseng Research (2022)
54% Neuronal Survival Increase
28 studies Analyzed Studies
NGF Key Mechanism

Summary

Twenty-eight basic and clinical studies evaluating the neuroprotective effects of deer antler and musk, the core constituents of Gongjindan, were systematically reviewed. NGF (nerve growth factor) promotion by deer antler and blood-brain barrier permeability enhancement by musk's muscone demonstrated synergistic effects. In animal experiments, hippocampal neuronal survival increased by 54%, while clinically, MMSE scores in mild cognitive impairment patients showed significant improvement.

Key Conclusion

The deer antler-musk combination protects neuronal cells through dual mechanisms of NGF promotion and BBB permeability enhancement, providing pharmacological evidence for cognitive function improvement.

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Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Exercise Tolerance and Cardiac Function Improvement Effect of Gongjindan in Chronic Heart Failure Patients

Choi SH, Yang CS, Han CW, et al.

American Journal of Chinese Medicine (2023)

74m Walking Distance Increase
23% NT-proBNP Reduction
2.8% LVEF Improvement

Gongjindan improves exercise capacity and cardiac function in chronic heart failure patients, suggesting potential as adjunctive treatment for Qi deficiency-type heart disease.

View Source 2023
Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Exercise Tolerance and Cardiac Function Improvement Effect of Gongjindan in Chronic Heart Failure Patients

Choi SH, Yang CS, Han CW, et al. American Journal of Chinese Medicine (2023)
74m Walking Distance Increase
23% NT-proBNP Reduction
2.8% LVEF Improvement

Summary

A pre-post comparison study administered Gongjindan for 16 weeks to 86 patients with chronic heart failure (NYHA class II-III). 6-minute walking distance increased by 74 m on average from 328 m to 402 m, with NT-proBNP (heart failure marker) decreasing by an average of 23%. Echocardiography showed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) improving by 2.8%, objectively confirming cardiac function recovery.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan improves exercise capacity and cardiac function in chronic heart failure patients, suggesting potential as adjunctive treatment for Qi deficiency-type heart disease.

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RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Sarcopenia Prevention and Physical Function in the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Kim GH, Park SY, Jeon JY, et al.

Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics (2024)

3.8kg Grip Strength Increase
2.4 points SPPB Score Improvement
120 subjects Participants

Gongjindan improves muscle strength and physical function in the elderly, providing evidence for a Korean medicine approach to sarcopenia prevention.

View Source 2024
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Sarcopenia Prevention and Physical Function in the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Kim GH, Park SY, Jeon JY, et al. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics (2024)
3.8kg Grip Strength Increase
2.4 points SPPB Score Improvement
120 subjects Participants

Summary

A randomized controlled trial compared Gongjindan plus basic exercise with placebo plus basic exercise groups over 24 weeks in 120 elderly individuals aged 65 or older with pre-sarcopenia. The Gongjindan group demonstrated grip strength increase of 3.8 kg on average, with SPPB (Short Physical Performance Battery) scores improving by 2.4 points. Muscle mass (DXA-measured) was also significantly preserved in the Gongjindan group.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan improves muscle strength and physical function in the elderly, providing evidence for a Korean medicine approach to sarcopenia prevention.

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Meta-Analysis Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Meta-analysis of Mitochondrial Function Enhancement by Gongjindan Constituents

Yoo JH, Shin HK, Kim YS, et al.

Mitochondrion (2023)

41% ATP Production Increase
16 studies Analyzed Studies
PGC-1α Key Mechanism

Gongjindan improves cellular energy metabolism through mitochondrial function enhancement, which is a core mechanism of its systemic tonic effects.

View Source 2023
Meta-Analysis Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Meta-analysis of Mitochondrial Function Enhancement by Gongjindan Constituents

Yoo JH, Shin HK, Kim YS, et al. Mitochondrion (2023)
41% ATP Production Increase
16 studies Analyzed Studies
PGC-1α Key Mechanism

Summary

Sixteen studies (12 basic, 4 clinical) evaluating mitochondrial function effects of Gongjindan constituents (deer antler, musk, Angelica, Cornus officinalis) were meta-analyzed. ATP production increased by an average of 41%, with mitochondrial membrane potential significantly recovered. Notably, ligustilide from Angelica and loganin from Cornus officinalis were confirmed to play key roles in mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α activation).

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan improves cellular energy metabolism through mitochondrial function enhancement, which is a core mechanism of its systemic tonic effects.

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RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Learning Concentration and Sleep Quality in Test-Taking Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Lee MJ, Chung SY, Kim JH, et al.

Journal of Korean Medicine (2024)

18% Attention Accuracy Improvement
4.2 points Sleep Quality Improvement
96 subjects Participants

Gongjindan is effective in improving concentration and sleep quality in test-taking students and contributes to cognitive optimization through stress regulation.

View Source 2024
RCT Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Effect of Gongjindan on Learning Concentration and Sleep Quality in Test-Taking Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Lee MJ, Chung SY, Kim JH, et al. Journal of Korean Medicine (2024)
18% Attention Accuracy Improvement
4.2 points Sleep Quality Improvement
96 subjects Participants

Summary

Ninety-six high school test-taking students were compared in a randomized controlled trial between Gongjindan and placebo groups over 8 weeks. The Gongjindan group demonstrated an 18% improvement in attention sustained-test (CPT) accuracy, with PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) improving by 4.2 points, significantly enhancing sleep quality. Academic stress scale and cortisol awakening response also significantly decreased.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan is effective in improving concentration and sleep quality in test-taking students and contributes to cognitive optimization through stress regulation.

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Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Insulin Resistance Improvement Effect of Gongjindan in Pre-Diabetic Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study

Nam DW, Kim SH, Park HJ, et al.

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice (2023)

1.8 HOMA-IR Reduction
0.4% HbA1c Improvement
35% Adiponectin Increase

Gongjindan improves insulin resistance in pre-diabetic patients and enhances metabolic markers, suggesting potential for diabetes progression prevention.

View Source 2023
Cohort Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Insulin Resistance Improvement Effect of Gongjindan in Pre-Diabetic Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study

Nam DW, Kim SH, Park HJ, et al. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice (2023)
1.8 HOMA-IR Reduction
0.4% HbA1c Improvement
35% Adiponectin Increase

Summary

A prospective cohort study compared 12-week progress between Gongjindan and non-treatment groups in 88 pre-diabetic patients (fasting glucose 100-125 mg/dL). The Gongjindan group demonstrated HOMA-IR (insulin resistance index) decreasing by an average of 1.8, with HbA1c improving by 0.4%. Serum adiponectin levels increased by 35%, confirming metabolic function improvement.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan improves insulin resistance in pre-diabetic patients and enhances metabolic markers, suggesting potential for diabetes progression prevention.

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Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Cognitive-Motor Function Recovery Promotion Effect of Gongjindan in Stroke Sequelae Patients: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Kang BK, Lee SJ, Kim EH, et al.

Neurological Research (2024)

14.6 points K-MBI Improvement
3.1 points Frontal Function Improvement
72 subjects Participants

Gongjindan promotes cognitive and motor function recovery in stroke sequelae patients, with rehabilitation effects through brain neuroplasticity enhancement confirmed.

View Source 2024
Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Cognitive-Motor Function Recovery Promotion Effect of Gongjindan in Stroke Sequelae Patients: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Kang BK, Lee SJ, Kim EH, et al. Neurological Research (2024)
14.6 points K-MBI Improvement
3.1 points Frontal Function Improvement
72 subjects Participants

Summary

A pre-post comparison study administered Gongjindan for 12 weeks to 72 patients 3-12 months after stroke. K-MBI (Korean Modified Barthel Index) improved by an average of 14.6 points, with frontal function test (FAB) improving by 3.1 points. fMRI analysis showed significantly increased brain network connectivity, radiologically confirming neuroplasticity promotion effects.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan promotes cognitive and motor function recovery in stroke sequelae patients, with rehabilitation effects through brain neuroplasticity enhancement confirmed.

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Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Systematic Review of Immunomodulatory Effects of Gongjindan: Focusing on NK Cell Activity and Cytokine Balance

Cho SG, Lee YC, Jung IC, et al.

Frontiers in Immunology (2023)

47% NK Cell Activity Increase
22 studies Analyzed Studies
Polysaccharides Key Immune-Active Components

Gongjindan possesses multilayered immunomodulatory effects activating both innate and adaptive immunity, contributing to defense function recovery in immunocompromised patients.

View Source 2023
Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Systematic Review of Immunomodulatory Effects of Gongjindan: Focusing on NK Cell Activity and Cytokine Balance

Cho SG, Lee YC, Jung IC, et al. Frontiers in Immunology (2023)
47% NK Cell Activity Increase
22 studies Analyzed Studies
Polysaccharides Key Immune-Active Components

Summary

Twenty-two basic and clinical studies evaluating immunomodulatory effects of Gongjindan were systematically reviewed. NK cell activity increased by an average of 47%, with significantly improved Th1/Th2 cytokine balance. Polysaccharides from deer antler and Angelica polysaccharides were confirmed to promote dendritic cell maturation and activate adaptive immunity.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan possesses multilayered immunomodulatory effects activating both innate and adaptive immunity, contributing to defense function recovery in immunocompromised patients.

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Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Chronic Fatigue and Immune Function Improvement with Gongjin-dan

Kwon CY, Lee SH, Kim AR, et al.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2023)

67% Fatigue reduction rate
920 patients Total participants

Gongjin-dan is an effective traditional tonifying prescription for chronic fatigue relief and immune function enhancement.

View Source 2023
Systematic Review Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Chronic Fatigue and Immune Function Improvement with Gongjin-dan

Kwon CY, Lee SH, Kim AR, et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2023)
67% Fatigue reduction rate
920 patients Total participants

Summary

A systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating effects of Gongjin-dan on chronic fatigue and immune function improvement. Analysis of 14 studies showed significant fatigue reduction and immune indicator improvement in the Gongjin-dan administration group.

Key Conclusion

Gongjin-dan is an effective traditional tonifying prescription for chronic fatigue relief and immune function enhancement.

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Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Heart Rate Variability Analysis of Autonomic Function Changes Following Gongjindan Administration

Son JY, Hong SH, Kim CH, et al.

Phytomedicine (2022)

27.8% SDNN Increase Rate
64 subjects Participants
4 weeks Treatment Period

Gongjindan is effective in restoring autonomic balance and contributes to alleviation of stress-related symptoms.

View Source 2022
Before-After Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Heart Rate Variability Analysis of Autonomic Function Changes Following Gongjindan Administration

Son JY, Hong SH, Kim CH, et al. Phytomedicine (2022)
27.8% SDNN Increase Rate
64 subjects Participants
4 weeks Treatment Period

Summary

Sixty-four patients with stress-induced autonomic imbalance received Gongjindan for 4 weeks, with heart rate variability (HRV) analyzed. Parasympathetic indicators including SDNN, RMSSD, and HF significantly increased.

Key Conclusion

Gongjindan is effective in restoring autonomic balance and contributes to alleviation of stress-related symptoms.

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Case Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Experimental Study on Chondrocyte Protection and Growth Factor Secretion Effects of Deer Antler

Jeong MJ, Lee GH, Bae JS, et al.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2019)

38.4% Cell Survival Increase
IGF-1 Major Growth Factor
in vitro Study Type

Deer antler protects chondrocytes and promotes growth factor secretion, contributing to joint and tissue regeneration.

View Source 2019
Case Study Gongjindan (拱辰丹)

Experimental Study on Chondrocyte Protection and Growth Factor Secretion Effects of Deer Antler

Jeong MJ, Lee GH, Bae JS, et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2019)
38.4% Cell Survival Increase
IGF-1 Major Growth Factor
in vitro Study Type

Summary

The effect of deer antler extract on chondrocyte survival, proliferation, and growth factor (IGF-1, TGF-β) secretion was evaluated in vitro. Chondrocyte survival increased dose-dependently, with IGF-1 secretion promoted.

Key Conclusion

Deer antler protects chondrocytes and promotes growth factor secretion, contributing to joint and tissue regeneration.

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